Use mental model to explore student-guided analogical teaching how to affect the concept heat and temperature
碩士 === 國立臺灣師範大學 === 科學教育研究所 === 89 === Abstract The research mainly serves three purposes: first, to understand the factors that influence analogical learning of concepts of heat and temperature analyzing by students with different cognitive thinking abilities in learning from these diffe...
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ndltd-TW-089NTNU02310092016-07-04T04:17:34Z http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/80426176827114275466 Use mental model to explore student-guided analogical teaching how to affect the concept heat and temperature 由心智模式探討學生導引之類比教學對國二學生溫度與熱概念學習之研究 Tsai Tsong Hui 蔡聰暉 碩士 國立臺灣師範大學 科學教育研究所 89 Abstract The research mainly serves three purposes: first, to understand the factors that influence analogical learning of concepts of heat and temperature analyzing by students with different cognitive thinking abilities in learning from these different analogical materials ; second, to understand students'''' alternative concepts and mental models on heat and temperature ; third, to make use of Vosniadou''''s framework theory and Chi''''s theory of ontological coceptual change to understand students'''' epistemological and ontological presuppositions of heat and temperature . Seventy eight 8 th graders are involved in this study. Three teaching materials:(1) standard analogical materials, i.e. water analogy mentioned in scientific literature, (2) student-directed analogical materials, i.e. self-generated analogies which are generally designed for the 9 th grader who have learned the concept of heat and temperature, and (3) the materials for the control group. This research is implemented through pretest, teaching, post-post, interviewing and deferring test. The results of the research are as follows. 1. The whole teaching effect on the standard analogical group designed specifically for the research is superior to that on the control group, however, the teaching effect on the student-directed analogical group is worse than that on the control group. Formal operational students could benefit from analogy, but for transitional operational students and concrete operational students, teaching effects are of no significant differences. Further analysis on the learning effects on the concepts of heat and temperature reveals that the focused concept in each analogical material is beneficial, but analogical constraints and students'''' misunderstandings also lead to alternative concepts, which influences the effect on analogical instruction. 2. Different cognitive thinking abilities affect students'''' abilities of analogical mapping. Nevertheless, analogical understanding and transfer generate influences of different degrees due to divergent analogical materials. 3. Students of different cognitive abilities hold varied attitudes towards different analogies, which shows that different cognitive-thinking-ability students'''' attitudes towards analogical material are related to analogical materials. Even though analogy is easier for students to understand, it does not guarantee the success of analogy transfer and learning, which manifests that in designing analogy, other factors should be taken into consideration besides student''''s familiar experiences and cognitive thinking abilities. 4. When students learn heat and temperature, teachers should take into account epistemological and ontological presuppositions. Under the different-degree influences between perceptual experience and teaching context, students use different ontological concept properties of heat and temperature to form all types of mental models. When inferring the relationship between heat and temperature, we should regard heat as process-oriented concept properties, however, students mistakenly use matter-oriented concept properties to account for relationship. We should put the concept of specific heat in ''''the process of changes of heat and temperature'''', while students mistakenly put it in considering ''''the process of absorption of heat.'''' We should consider the temperature change of the object in heat equilibrium and think of it as CBI-oriented concept properties, but students mistakenly think of it as process-oriented concept properties. Students can not understand that the feeling of being hot and cold occurs in process-oriented concept properties among objects; they mistakenly think it occurs in matter-oriented concept properties of objects. In summary, the analogical materials will be influenced not only by the diversities of students'''' cognitive thinking abilities and the design of analogical materials, but also by students'''' conceptual learning of heat and temperature under epistemological and ontological presuppositions. 第一章 緒論…………………………………………..…...1 第一節 研究動機與研究背景…………………………. …………..1 第二節 研究目的與研究問題……………………………………... 2 第三節 名詞釋義……………………………………….……….…..4 第四節 研究範圍與限制……………………………………………5 第二章 文獻探討………………………………………… 6 第一節 類比…………………………………………………..…. …6 第二節 類比在科學教育的運用……………………………..……13 第三節 概念改變…………………………………………..………29 第四節 學生溫度與熱概念的相關研究…………………………..39 第三章 研究方法………………………………………...46 第一節 研究設計…………………………………………………..46 第二節 研究對象…………………………………………………..46 第三節 研究工具…………………………………………………..47 第四節 研究流程…………………………………………………..61 第五節 資料處理與分析………………………………………..…63 第四章 研究結果與討論………………………………...68 第一節 教學前學生另有概念之分析……………………………..68 第二節 類比教學成效之比較……………………………………..73 第三節 類比對各概念主題學習的成效分析………………….….77 第四節 學生溫度與熱的心智模式…………………………….….84 第五節 溫度與熱概念改變的模式………………………………115 第六節 類比學習態度的相關分析………………………..……..122 第七節 類比與概念學習………………………………….……...133 第五章 結論與建議…………………………………….145 第一節 結論………………………………………………….…...145 第二節 建議………………………………………………. ……..148 參考文獻 ………………………………………………...…152 附錄一 學生自發類比問卷………………………………………………...160 附錄二 典型類比組-熱量單元教材……………………………………...163 典型類比組-比熱單元教材………………………………….…..169 典型類比組-熱的傳播單元教材………………………………...175 學生類比組-熱量單元教材……………………………………...178 學生類比組-比熱單元教材……………………………………...184 典型類比組-熱的傳播單元教材………………………………...190 對照組-熱量單元教材……………………………..…………….193 對照組-比熱單元教材…………………………………………...196 對照組-熱的傳播單元教材……………………………………...200 附錄三 邏輯思考測驗 …………………………………………………….202 附錄四 溫度與熱概念理解評量測驗(前測、後測和延宕測驗) …………214 附錄五 典型類比組-類比學習態度問卷(一) …………………………...221 典型類比組-類比學習態度問卷(二) …………………………...223 學生類比組-類比學習態度問卷(一) …………………………...226 學生典型類比組-類比學習態度問卷(二) ……………………...229 表 次 表2-1.1 相似性的種類……………………………………………………...7 表2-2.1 GMAT類比教學模式…………………………………………….20 表2-2.2 類比教學與學習的FAR導引……………………………………21 表2-3.1 Thagard概念改變的層次………………………………………..37 表2-3.2 物件在因果關係上角色的改變………………………………….38 表3-2.1 研究樣本基本資料……………………………………………….46 表3-3.1 學生自發性類比種類…………………………………………….48 表3-3.2 水流類比-熱量單元的對應情形……………………………….49 表3-3.3 水流類比-比熱單元的對應情形……………………………….51 表3-3.4 水流類比-熱的傳播單元的對應情形………………………….52 表3-3.5 「搬木塊上樓梯」和「喝咖啡加糖」類比-熱量的對應情形…..53 表3-3.6 「搬木塊上樓梯」和「喝咖啡加糖」類比-比熱的對應情形…..54 表3-3.7 『喝咖啡太甜,兩杯混合』類比-熱的傳播單元的對應情形…...55 表3-3.8 溫度與熱概念理解測驗之雙向細目表………………………….59 表4-1-1 前測成績分析……………………………………………………68 表4-1.2 教學前學生的另有概念及分佈的百分比……………………….69 表4-2.1 教學後成績變數分析摘要表…………………………………….73 表4-2.2 教學後測成績之比較…………………………………………….73 表4-2.3 各組中不同思考能力學生的成就測驗分析…………………….74 表4-2.4 典型類比組內成就測驗事後比較……………………………….74 表4-2.5 學生類比組內成就測驗事後比較……………………………….74 表4-2.6 形式思考能力學生後測成績分析……………………………….75 表4-2.7 過渡思考能力學生後測成績分析……………………………….75 表4-2.8 具體思考能力學生後測成績分析……………………………….76 表4-3.1 熱平衡時的溫度變化和熱量的關係答題統計表……………….78 表4-3.2 熱的意義與多寡之答題統計表………………………………….79 表4-3.3 區別熱和溫度概念性質之答對率……………………………….80 表4-3.4 熱的傳播概念答對率…………………………………………….81 表4-3.5 比熱概念答題選項人數分佈表………………………………….83 表4-3.6 熱對物質影響概念答對率……………………………………….83 表4-4.1 水加熱系統的心智模式人數分佈表…….………………………90 表4-4.2 簡單比熱的心智模式人數分佈表……………………………… 98 表4-4.3 熱平衡下的溫度與熱的變化之心智模式人數分佈表………...106 表4-4.4 冷熱感覺之心智模式人數分佈表……………………………. .114 表4-6.1 典型類比組教材對應分數相關分析…………………………...122 表4-6.2 爬樓梯類比教材對應相關分析………………………………..123 表4-6.3 喝咖啡類比教材對應之相關分析……………………………..123 表4-6.4 學生類比組類比教材對應之相關分析………………………...124 表4-6.5 對應高、低分組的後測分數差異分析…………………………125 表4-6.6 典型類比組態度之相關分析…………………………………...126 表4-6.7 典型類比組類比態度對後測分數的差異分析………………...126 表4-6.8 不同認知思考能力學生的類比態度之差異分析……………...127 表4-6.9 爬樓梯類比教材類比態度與後測成績之相關分析…………...128 表4-6.10 爬樓梯類比教材之類比態度對後測分數之差異分析………...129 表4-6.11 喝咖啡類比教材類比態度與後測成績之相關分析………….. 129 表4-6.12 喝咖啡類比教材之類比態度對後測分數的差異分析………...129 圖 次 圖2-1.1 類比的抽象表徵…………………………………………………...6 圖2-1.2 各種相似性的分布圖……………………………………………...8 圖2-1.3 學生水流的知識表徵…………………………………………….10 圖2-1.4 學生熱流的知識表徵…………………………………………….11 圖2-2.1 類比建構理論模式……………………………………………….14 圖2-2.2a 從原理產生的類比機制………………………………………….15 圖2-2.2b 經由轉換而產生的類比機制…………………………………….15 圖2-2.2c 經由聯想而產生的類比機制…………………………………….15 圖2-3.1 Vosniadou(1994)的架構理論…………………………………..31 圖2-3.2 本體樹…………………………………………………………….33 圖2-3.3 根本概念改變與概念改變示意圖……………………………….34 圖2-3.4 典範改變、理論改變與概念改變示意圖……………………….36 圖2-3.5 概念改變的三元架構…………………………………………….38 圖2-4.1 孩童對熱的起始心智模式的概念架構………………………….43 圖2-4.2 孩童對熱的心智模式…………………………………………….44 圖2-4.3 熱與溫度的科學概念模式……………………………………….45 圖3-3.1 水流類比-熱量單元的類比圖………………………………….50 圖3-3.2 水流類比-比熱單元的類比圖………………………………….50 圖3-3.3 水流類比-熱的傳播單元的類比圖…………………………….51 圖3-3.4 「搬木塊上樓梯」類比-熱量單元的類比圖……………………52 圖3-3.5 「喝咖啡加糖」類比-熱量單元的類比圖……………………….52 圖3-3.6 「搬木塊上樓梯」類比-比熱單元的類比圖…………………….53 圖3-3.7 『喝咖啡太甜,兩杯混合』類比-熱的傳播單元的類比圖……55 圖3-3.8 FAR導引教學模式………………………………………………56 圖3-4.1 研究流程圖……………………………………………………….62 圖3-5.1 心智模式的分析架構…………………………………………….64 圖3-5.2 心智模式範例…………………………………………………….67 圖4-2.1 各組不同認知思考能力學生的後測成績比較………………….76 圖4-4.1 類型H-1 溫度與熱概念模糊的模式……………………………85 圖4-4.2 類型H-2 吸熱與溫度變化概念矛盾的模式……………………86 圖4-4.3 類型H-3 吸熱與溫度變化概念分離的模式……………………88 圖4-4.4 類型H-4科學概念的模式……………………………………….89 圖4-4.5 水加熱系統之學習概念架構…………………………………….89 圖4-4.6 類型S-1無關比熱的模式………………………………………..92 圖4-4.7 類型S-2忽略吸熱多寡,吸熱速率和溫度變化相關的模式……93 圖4-4.8 類型S-3比熱誤解模式………………………………………….95 圖4-4.9 類型S-4科學概念的模式………………………………………..96 圖4-4.10 簡單比熱系統之學習概念架構………………………………….97 圖4-4.11 SB-1未考慮熱平衡下,溫度與熱量模糊的心智模式…………100 圖4-4.12 SB-2未考慮熱平衡限制下之比熱影響吸、放熱的心智模式…101 圖4-4.13 SB-3考慮熱平衡限制下之溫度與熱模糊的模式……………..103 圖4-4.14 SB-4考慮熱平衡的科學概念心智模式………………………..105 圖4-4.15 複雜比熱系統之學習概念架構………………………………...106 圖4-4.16 F-1 物體吸冷(熱)與放冷(熱)的心智模式………………108 圖4-4.17 F-2吸熱、散熱的心智模式…………………………………….110 圖4-4.18 F-3物體升溫、降溫快慢不同的心智模式……………………...111 圖4-4.19 F-4科學概念的模式…………………………………………….113 圖4-4.20 冷熱感覺之學習概念架構……………………………………...114 圖4-5.1 典型類比組水對加熱系統的概念改變類型…………………...115 圖4-5.2 對照組對水加熱系統之概念改變類型………………………...117 圖4-5.3 比熱之概念改變的類型………………………………………...118 圖4-5.4 未衝擊本體預設和認識預設的之概念改變類型……………...119 圖4-5.5 衝擊本體預設和認識預設的之概念改變類型………………...120 圖4-6.1 典型類比組中不同認知思考能力學生之類比態度分析……...128 圖4-6.2 學生類比組之類比問卷態度分數比較………………………...132 圖4-7.1 類比物與目標物對應遺失和錯誤……………………………...142 圖4-7.2 類比物和目標物重疊示意圖…………………………………...143 邱美虹 2001 學位論文 ; thesis 240 zh-TW |
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zh-TW |
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Others
|
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author2 |
邱美虹 |
author_facet |
邱美虹 Tsai Tsong Hui 蔡聰暉 |
author |
Tsai Tsong Hui 蔡聰暉 |
spellingShingle |
Tsai Tsong Hui 蔡聰暉 Use mental model to explore student-guided analogical teaching how to affect the concept heat and temperature |
author_sort |
Tsai Tsong Hui |
title |
Use mental model to explore student-guided analogical teaching how to affect the concept heat and temperature |
title_short |
Use mental model to explore student-guided analogical teaching how to affect the concept heat and temperature |
title_full |
Use mental model to explore student-guided analogical teaching how to affect the concept heat and temperature |
title_fullStr |
Use mental model to explore student-guided analogical teaching how to affect the concept heat and temperature |
title_full_unstemmed |
Use mental model to explore student-guided analogical teaching how to affect the concept heat and temperature |
title_sort |
use mental model to explore student-guided analogical teaching how to affect the concept heat and temperature |
publishDate |
2001 |
url |
http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/80426176827114275466 |
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description |
碩士 === 國立臺灣師範大學 === 科學教育研究所 === 89 === Abstract
The research mainly serves three purposes: first, to understand the factors that influence analogical learning of concepts of heat and temperature analyzing by students with different cognitive thinking abilities in learning from these different analogical materials ; second, to understand students'''' alternative concepts and mental models on heat and temperature ; third, to make use of Vosniadou''''s framework theory and Chi''''s theory of ontological coceptual change to understand students'''' epistemological and ontological presuppositions of heat and temperature .
Seventy eight 8 th graders are involved in this study. Three teaching materials:(1) standard analogical materials, i.e. water analogy mentioned in scientific literature, (2) student-directed analogical materials, i.e. self-generated analogies which are generally designed for the 9 th grader who have learned the concept of heat and temperature, and (3) the materials for the control group. This research is implemented through pretest, teaching, post-post, interviewing and deferring test.
The results of the research are as follows.
1. The whole teaching effect on the standard analogical group designed specifically for the research is superior to that on the control group, however, the teaching effect on the student-directed analogical group is worse than that on the control group. Formal operational students could benefit from analogy, but for transitional operational students and concrete operational students, teaching effects are of no significant differences. Further analysis on the learning effects on the concepts of heat and temperature reveals that the focused concept in each analogical material is beneficial, but analogical constraints and students'''' misunderstandings also lead to alternative concepts, which influences the effect on analogical instruction.
2. Different cognitive thinking abilities affect students'''' abilities of analogical mapping. Nevertheless, analogical understanding and transfer generate influences of different degrees due to divergent analogical materials.
3. Students of different cognitive abilities hold varied attitudes towards different analogies, which shows that different cognitive-thinking-ability students'''' attitudes towards analogical material are related to analogical materials. Even though analogy is easier for students to understand, it does not guarantee the success of analogy transfer and learning, which manifests that in designing analogy, other factors should be taken into consideration besides student''''s familiar experiences and cognitive thinking abilities.
4. When students learn heat and temperature, teachers should take into account epistemological and ontological presuppositions. Under the different-degree influences between perceptual experience and teaching context, students use different ontological concept properties of heat and temperature to form all types of mental models. When inferring the relationship between heat and temperature, we should regard heat as process-oriented concept properties, however, students mistakenly use matter-oriented concept properties to account for relationship. We should put the concept of specific heat in ''''the process of changes of heat and temperature'''', while students mistakenly put it in considering ''''the process of absorption of heat.'''' We should consider the temperature change of the object in heat equilibrium and think of it as CBI-oriented concept properties, but students mistakenly think of it as process-oriented concept properties. Students can not understand that the feeling of being hot and cold occurs in process-oriented concept properties among objects; they mistakenly think it occurs in matter-oriented concept properties of objects.
In summary, the analogical materials will be influenced not only by the diversities of students'''' cognitive thinking abilities and the design of analogical materials, but also by students'''' conceptual learning of heat and temperature under epistemological and ontological presuppositions.
第一章 緒論…………………………………………..…...1
第一節 研究動機與研究背景…………………………. …………..1
第二節 研究目的與研究問題……………………………………... 2
第三節 名詞釋義……………………………………….……….…..4
第四節 研究範圍與限制……………………………………………5
第二章 文獻探討………………………………………… 6
第一節 類比…………………………………………………..…. …6
第二節 類比在科學教育的運用……………………………..……13
第三節 概念改變…………………………………………..………29
第四節 學生溫度與熱概念的相關研究…………………………..39
第三章 研究方法………………………………………...46
第一節 研究設計…………………………………………………..46
第二節 研究對象…………………………………………………..46
第三節 研究工具…………………………………………………..47
第四節 研究流程…………………………………………………..61
第五節 資料處理與分析………………………………………..…63
第四章 研究結果與討論………………………………...68
第一節 教學前學生另有概念之分析……………………………..68
第二節 類比教學成效之比較……………………………………..73
第三節 類比對各概念主題學習的成效分析………………….….77
第四節 學生溫度與熱的心智模式…………………………….….84
第五節 溫度與熱概念改變的模式………………………………115
第六節 類比學習態度的相關分析………………………..……..122
第七節 類比與概念學習………………………………….……...133
第五章 結論與建議…………………………………….145
第一節 結論………………………………………………….…...145
第二節 建議………………………………………………. ……..148
參考文獻 ………………………………………………...…152
附錄一 學生自發類比問卷………………………………………………...160
附錄二 典型類比組-熱量單元教材……………………………………...163
典型類比組-比熱單元教材………………………………….…..169
典型類比組-熱的傳播單元教材………………………………...175
學生類比組-熱量單元教材……………………………………...178
學生類比組-比熱單元教材……………………………………...184
典型類比組-熱的傳播單元教材………………………………...190
對照組-熱量單元教材……………………………..…………….193
對照組-比熱單元教材…………………………………………...196
對照組-熱的傳播單元教材……………………………………...200
附錄三 邏輯思考測驗 …………………………………………………….202
附錄四 溫度與熱概念理解評量測驗(前測、後測和延宕測驗) …………214
附錄五 典型類比組-類比學習態度問卷(一) …………………………...221
典型類比組-類比學習態度問卷(二) …………………………...223
學生類比組-類比學習態度問卷(一) …………………………...226
學生典型類比組-類比學習態度問卷(二) ……………………...229
表 次
表2-1.1 相似性的種類……………………………………………………...7
表2-2.1 GMAT類比教學模式…………………………………………….20
表2-2.2 類比教學與學習的FAR導引……………………………………21
表2-3.1 Thagard概念改變的層次………………………………………..37
表2-3.2 物件在因果關係上角色的改變………………………………….38
表3-2.1 研究樣本基本資料……………………………………………….46
表3-3.1 學生自發性類比種類…………………………………………….48
表3-3.2 水流類比-熱量單元的對應情形……………………………….49
表3-3.3 水流類比-比熱單元的對應情形……………………………….51
表3-3.4 水流類比-熱的傳播單元的對應情形………………………….52
表3-3.5 「搬木塊上樓梯」和「喝咖啡加糖」類比-熱量的對應情形…..53
表3-3.6 「搬木塊上樓梯」和「喝咖啡加糖」類比-比熱的對應情形…..54
表3-3.7 『喝咖啡太甜,兩杯混合』類比-熱的傳播單元的對應情形…...55
表3-3.8 溫度與熱概念理解測驗之雙向細目表………………………….59
表4-1-1 前測成績分析……………………………………………………68
表4-1.2 教學前學生的另有概念及分佈的百分比……………………….69
表4-2.1 教學後成績變數分析摘要表…………………………………….73
表4-2.2 教學後測成績之比較…………………………………………….73
表4-2.3 各組中不同思考能力學生的成就測驗分析…………………….74
表4-2.4 典型類比組內成就測驗事後比較……………………………….74
表4-2.5 學生類比組內成就測驗事後比較……………………………….74
表4-2.6 形式思考能力學生後測成績分析……………………………….75
表4-2.7 過渡思考能力學生後測成績分析……………………………….75
表4-2.8 具體思考能力學生後測成績分析……………………………….76
表4-3.1 熱平衡時的溫度變化和熱量的關係答題統計表……………….78
表4-3.2 熱的意義與多寡之答題統計表………………………………….79
表4-3.3 區別熱和溫度概念性質之答對率……………………………….80
表4-3.4 熱的傳播概念答對率…………………………………………….81
表4-3.5 比熱概念答題選項人數分佈表………………………………….83
表4-3.6 熱對物質影響概念答對率……………………………………….83
表4-4.1 水加熱系統的心智模式人數分佈表…….………………………90
表4-4.2 簡單比熱的心智模式人數分佈表……………………………… 98
表4-4.3 熱平衡下的溫度與熱的變化之心智模式人數分佈表………...106
表4-4.4 冷熱感覺之心智模式人數分佈表……………………………. .114
表4-6.1 典型類比組教材對應分數相關分析…………………………...122
表4-6.2 爬樓梯類比教材對應相關分析………………………………..123
表4-6.3 喝咖啡類比教材對應之相關分析……………………………..123
表4-6.4 學生類比組類比教材對應之相關分析………………………...124
表4-6.5 對應高、低分組的後測分數差異分析…………………………125
表4-6.6 典型類比組態度之相關分析…………………………………...126
表4-6.7 典型類比組類比態度對後測分數的差異分析………………...126
表4-6.8 不同認知思考能力學生的類比態度之差異分析……………...127
表4-6.9 爬樓梯類比教材類比態度與後測成績之相關分析…………...128
表4-6.10 爬樓梯類比教材之類比態度對後測分數之差異分析………...129
表4-6.11 喝咖啡類比教材類比態度與後測成績之相關分析………….. 129
表4-6.12 喝咖啡類比教材之類比態度對後測分數的差異分析………...129
圖 次
圖2-1.1 類比的抽象表徵…………………………………………………...6
圖2-1.2 各種相似性的分布圖……………………………………………...8
圖2-1.3 學生水流的知識表徵…………………………………………….10
圖2-1.4 學生熱流的知識表徵…………………………………………….11
圖2-2.1 類比建構理論模式……………………………………………….14
圖2-2.2a 從原理產生的類比機制………………………………………….15
圖2-2.2b 經由轉換而產生的類比機制…………………………………….15
圖2-2.2c 經由聯想而產生的類比機制…………………………………….15
圖2-3.1 Vosniadou(1994)的架構理論…………………………………..31
圖2-3.2 本體樹…………………………………………………………….33
圖2-3.3 根本概念改變與概念改變示意圖……………………………….34
圖2-3.4 典範改變、理論改變與概念改變示意圖……………………….36
圖2-3.5 概念改變的三元架構…………………………………………….38
圖2-4.1 孩童對熱的起始心智模式的概念架構………………………….43
圖2-4.2 孩童對熱的心智模式…………………………………………….44
圖2-4.3 熱與溫度的科學概念模式……………………………………….45
圖3-3.1 水流類比-熱量單元的類比圖………………………………….50
圖3-3.2 水流類比-比熱單元的類比圖………………………………….50
圖3-3.3 水流類比-熱的傳播單元的類比圖…………………………….51
圖3-3.4 「搬木塊上樓梯」類比-熱量單元的類比圖……………………52
圖3-3.5 「喝咖啡加糖」類比-熱量單元的類比圖……………………….52
圖3-3.6 「搬木塊上樓梯」類比-比熱單元的類比圖…………………….53
圖3-3.7 『喝咖啡太甜,兩杯混合』類比-熱的傳播單元的類比圖……55
圖3-3.8 FAR導引教學模式………………………………………………56
圖3-4.1 研究流程圖……………………………………………………….62
圖3-5.1 心智模式的分析架構…………………………………………….64
圖3-5.2 心智模式範例…………………………………………………….67
圖4-2.1 各組不同認知思考能力學生的後測成績比較………………….76
圖4-4.1 類型H-1 溫度與熱概念模糊的模式……………………………85
圖4-4.2 類型H-2 吸熱與溫度變化概念矛盾的模式……………………86
圖4-4.3 類型H-3 吸熱與溫度變化概念分離的模式……………………88
圖4-4.4 類型H-4科學概念的模式……………………………………….89
圖4-4.5 水加熱系統之學習概念架構…………………………………….89
圖4-4.6 類型S-1無關比熱的模式………………………………………..92
圖4-4.7 類型S-2忽略吸熱多寡,吸熱速率和溫度變化相關的模式……93
圖4-4.8 類型S-3比熱誤解模式………………………………………….95
圖4-4.9 類型S-4科學概念的模式………………………………………..96
圖4-4.10 簡單比熱系統之學習概念架構………………………………….97
圖4-4.11 SB-1未考慮熱平衡下,溫度與熱量模糊的心智模式…………100
圖4-4.12 SB-2未考慮熱平衡限制下之比熱影響吸、放熱的心智模式…101
圖4-4.13 SB-3考慮熱平衡限制下之溫度與熱模糊的模式……………..103
圖4-4.14 SB-4考慮熱平衡的科學概念心智模式………………………..105
圖4-4.15 複雜比熱系統之學習概念架構………………………………...106
圖4-4.16 F-1 物體吸冷(熱)與放冷(熱)的心智模式………………108
圖4-4.17 F-2吸熱、散熱的心智模式…………………………………….110
圖4-4.18 F-3物體升溫、降溫快慢不同的心智模式……………………...111
圖4-4.19 F-4科學概念的模式…………………………………………….113
圖4-4.20 冷熱感覺之學習概念架構……………………………………...114
圖4-5.1 典型類比組水對加熱系統的概念改變類型…………………...115
圖4-5.2 對照組對水加熱系統之概念改變類型………………………...117
圖4-5.3 比熱之概念改變的類型………………………………………...118
圖4-5.4 未衝擊本體預設和認識預設的之概念改變類型……………...119
圖4-5.5 衝擊本體預設和認識預設的之概念改變類型………………...120
圖4-6.1 典型類比組中不同認知思考能力學生之類比態度分析……...128
圖4-6.2 學生類比組之類比問卷態度分數比較………………………...132
圖4-7.1 類比物與目標物對應遺失和錯誤……………………………...142
圖4-7.2 類比物和目標物重疊示意圖…………………………………...143
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