| Summary: | 博士 === 國立交通大學 === 經營管理研究所 === 89 === This study p roposes a three-stage ISD model based upon Ackoff’s systems view to analyze the evolution of ISD from the 1950s to the 1990s. IS development was divided into three stages according to the changing roles and missions of the IS. For organization as a machine, IS are designed by information professionals. For organization as an organism, information systems are developed under the selected methodology of ISD. And for organization as a social system, IS would be dualistic where one for itself and another for its components, and IS departments also be dual where one is inward and another is outward. More ISD strategies are available in the social stage. The proposed model divides the strategies into three kinds by levels of control. The fitting strategy is a highly controlled strategy because IS is developed by an inward IS department and the IS can be designed to fit the organizational context. The following strategy is a low-control strategy developed by an outward IS department and the desired state of the systems are defined by vendors. The adapting strategy is a middle control strategy where IS is developed by both inward and outward IS departments.
In the social stage ISD, inward IS professionals are scarce and the outward resources are abundant. Many challenges should be met and new problems resolved. Acquiring and utilizing both inward and outward resources for ISD to create more value is most challenging and important tasks for contemporary IS managers. The MIS department may set up outward functions to collect, filter and analyze information about outward resources to provide evaluation proposals and valuable information to support ISD decisions. MIS professionals need system thinking to help them to view the whole picture, consolidating IT to add more values to increase the competitive power of an organization. IS managers can also introduce an internal market economy mechanism for ISD to accelerate the learning process of the inward functions through more competition and innovative proposals from outward functions during the social stage.
Keywords: Social systems, System view, Information system, Information system development, Evolution
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