The Development of Postformal Thinking and the Relationships Between Postformal Thinking and the Tolerance、Empathy、Self-disclosure、Autonomy of Interpersonal Relations

• Main Authors: Wen-Bin Chiou, 邱文彬
• Other Authors: Mei-Jen Lin
• Format: Others
• Language: zh-TW
• Published: 1999
• Online Access: http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/16042614393364157266

博士 === 國立政治大學 === 心理學系 === 87 === The purpose of this study was to investigate the development of postformal thinking and the relationships between postformal thinking and the tolerance、empathy、self-disclosure、autonomy of interpersonal relations. Subjects were 644, ranging from late adolescence to adulthood (age from 18 to 80 years). Questionnaire was used as the research method. The testing of differences between two percentages and one-way ANOVA were used for data analysis. The results were : 1. In the development of postformal thinking, the percentage of formalistic thinker in late adolescence group (18-23 years) was higher than early adulthood groups'''' (24-40 years) and middle、late adulthood groups'''' (41-80 years), the percentage of relativistic thinker in early adulthood group was higher than middle、late adulthood groups'''', the percentage of dialectical thinker in middle、late adulthood group was higher than late adolescence group''''s and early adulthood group''''s. According to the findings of the relationships between the cognitive thinking groups and age groups, the developmental timing of relativistic thinking was later than the timing of formalistic thinking, the developmental timing of dialectical thinking was later than the timing of relativistic thinking. 2. In the findings of the relationships between the postformal thinking and the tolerance、empathy、self-disclosure、autonomy of interpersonal relations: (1) The tolerance of the postformal thinking group was higher than the formalistic thinking group''''s, the tolerance of the dialectical thinking group was higher than the relativistic thinking group''''s, the tolerance of the relativistic thinking group was higher than the formalistic thinking group''''s. The score of integration differences of tolerance of the dialectical thinking group was higher than the relativistic thinking group''''s and the formalistic thinking group''''s. (2) The empathy of the postformal thinking group was higher than the formalistic thinking group''''s, the empathy of the dialectical thinking group was higher than the relativistic thinking group''''s, the empathy of the relativistic thinking group was higher than the formalistic thinking group''''s. (3) The self-disclosure of the postformal thinking group was higher than the formalistic thinking group''''s, the self-disclosure of the dialectical thinking group was higher than the relativistic thinking group''''s and the formalistic thinking group''''s. (4) The autonomy of the the postformal thinking group was higher than the formalistic thinking group''''s, the autonomy of the dialectical thinking group was higher than the relativistic thinking group''''s and the formalistic thinking group''''s. The interdependence of the dialectical thinking group was higher than the relativistic thinking group''''s and the formalistic thinking group''''s. The possible reasons of the above findings were discussed in the paper. According to these findings, suggestions of future research about postformal thinking and implications of practical applications in interpersonal relations were mentioned.