deliberate Duchenne smile: perceptions and social outcomes.

• Online Access: http://hdl.handle.net/2047/d20003145

The Duchenne smile, which is a smile that involves activation of the cheek raiser muscle that creates crow's feet around the eyes, has long been thought of as an infallible expression of genuine happiness (Ekman, Friesen, & Hager, 2002). Recent research has begun to show that the Duchenne smile can be deliberately produced (Gunnery, Hall, & Ruben, 2013; Krumhuber & Manstead, 2009). As the ability to deliberately produce a Duchenne smile continues to be documented, the questions become why someone might want to produce a Duchenne smile deliberately, and what the social outcomes of being able to do so are. The goals of the current dissertation were to first summarize the previous literature on perceptions of Duchenne smiles to gain clarity on how people who produce Duchenne smiles are perceived differently from those who produce non-Duchenne smiles (i.e., smiles without cheek raiser activation), and, second, to investigate how people who are able to produce a deliberate Duchenne smile use the Duchenne smile in real social situations. Lastly this dissertation strove to uncover what the consequences of having the ability to produce a deliberate Duchenne smile are in the contexts of persuasion and liking.