| Summary: | A complete characterization of non-active power components is of increasing importance, given the abundance of nonlinear loads and distributed generators in modern power systems. Effective control of power quality can be achieved only when the contribution of imbalance and nonlinearities to non-active power is clearly understood. Starting with the work of Budeanu, many authors have aimed to characterize the concept of non-active power in the most general case of unbalanced,
non-sinusoidal operation. The most detailed work to date appears to be that of Lev-Ari and Stankovic, who introduced a decomposition of apparent power consisting of seven components. This steady-state decomposition generalizes and refines the 5-component decomposition of Czarnecki, as well as those introduced earlier by Sharon and by Shepherd & Zakikhani.
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