| Summary: | Almost all previous circulating fluidized bed hydrodynamic data reported in
the literature have been for suspension densities and solids circulation rates well
below values used in fluid catalytic cracking and other catalytic reactors. A dual-loop
circulating fluidized bed unit capable of achieving solids hold-ups as high as 15 to
25% by volume over the entire riser and solids circulation fluxes of 400 kg/m²s and
beyond was designed and constructed. Measurements were obtained in a riser of
inside diameter 76.2 mm and height 6.1 m at superficial air velocities between 4 and 8
m/s with FCC particles of mean diameter 70 µm and density 1600 kg/m³.
Longitudinal solids hold-up profiles, inferred from differential pressures,
showed that a dense zone formed when the solids circulation rate exceeded the
saturation carrying capacity of the gas. On further increasing the solids circulation
rate, the solids volumetric concentration levelled off at 0.2 ± 0.05 while the height of
the dense zone continued to expand. Low density (LDCFB) conditions are delineated
from high density CFB (HDCFB) conditions by a transition point, defined as the
intersection of the two linear portions when solids hold-up is plotted against solids
circulation rate. Cross-sectional solids hold-ups in HDCFB conditions are not
significantly affected by the superficial gas velocity. Average slip velocities are as high
as 40 times the single particle terminal velocity, with slip factors as high as 15. The
total pressure drop across the riser increases linearly with solids-to-gas mass flow
ratio, then levels off once the dense zone occupies the whole riser. Correlations are
suggested for longitudinal mean solids hold-up profiles. At a fixed solids circulation
rate and air velocity, increasing solids inventories in the downcomer do not affect
suspension densities in the risers.
Reflective-type optical fiber probes were employed to measure radial local
voidage profiles. A non-linear relationship between the reflected light intensity and
voidage was obtained using a new calibration method. Local time-mean voidages for
high density conditions were nearly as low as εmf at the wall and as high as 0.9 at the
axis. Local voidages were correlated as a function of the cross-sectional mean
voidage, with the correlation covering a broader range of conditions than previous
correlations. Visual observations indicate that solids refluxing, observed near the wall
of dilute CFB risers, no longer exists for high density conditions; instead the whole
suspension appears relatively homogeneous.
Radial profiles of local solids flux were measured using a suction tube for
upflow fluxes and an inclined tube for downflowing solids. Net solids flux profiles are
roughly parabolic and indicate the net flow to be, on average, upwards over the entire
cross-section. Measurements from a solids momentum probe confirm that solids rise
rapidly in the core and slowly near the wall. Local voidages, voidage frequency
distributions, intermittency indices and voidage spectral density are also used to
characterize the local flow dynamics. The core is a relatively uniform dilute flow
interspersed with particle structures whose frequency and density increase with
radius. The standard deviation of local voidage fluctuations reaches a peak at some
distance from the wall. The location of the peak is quite different from the coreannulus
boundary for LDCFB risers. Intermittency vs. local voidage plots are "bell-shaped",
with a maximum when the local time-mean voidage is approximately 0.75.
The fast fluidization regime is redefined to incorporate the HDCFB findings of this
study.
A novel method is also developed to determine the accumulative (Type A) and
classical (Type C) choking velocities in a single experiment in the dual-loop system. [Scientific formulae used in this abstract could not be reproduced.]
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