Correlation between minimal changes in cardiac function, esophageal motility and heart rate variability in patients with the indeterminate form of Chagas Disease

Chagas disease (CD) is currently the fourth most impacting disease in Latin America. Infected individuals are at continued risk of developing chronic cardiomyopathy―the main cause of morbidity and mortality. CD may also lead to intrinsic denervation of the enteric nervous system (ENS). Pre...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Danielle Melo de Leopoldino
Other Authors: Miguel Ãngelo Nobre e Souza
Format: Others
Language:Portuguese
Published: Universidade Federal do Cearà 2011
Subjects:
Online Access:http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=11221
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Summary:Chagas disease (CD) is currently the fourth most impacting disease in Latin America. Infected individuals are at continued risk of developing chronic cardiomyopathy―the main cause of morbidity and mortality. CD may also lead to intrinsic denervation of the enteric nervous system (ENS). Previous studies have described important changes in the autonomic nervous system, myocardium and digestive system. Indeterminate chronic Chagas disease (ICD) is asymptomatic and cannot be detected by simple tests such as electrocardiography, esophagography, contrast enema or chest radiography. However, minimal changes in cardiac and digestive functions have been reported for patients without clear clinical signs of cardiac or ENS denervation. We hypothesize these changes may be due to autonomic dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate esophageal motility and ventricular function and their correlation with heart rate variability (HRV) in subjects with ICD. Methods. Sixteen subjects with ICD and 8 healthy controls were submitted to electrocardiography for 30 min. with monitoring of HRV in the time and frequency domains, echocardiography with monitoring of cardiac function (systolic/diastolic) and six-channel perfusion esophageal manometry. Results. The systolic function (ventricular ejection fraction) was preserved in ICD patients and controls (66.1Â7.28 vs. 69.1Â6.36; p=0.35), but a significant difference was observed in tissue Doppler E‟ wave values (0.12Â0.02 vs. 0.14Â0.01; p=0.02). The average E wave deceleration time was longer for ICD patients but the difference did not reach statistical significance (200.81Â35.17 vs. 191.57Â36.08). As for the HRV time domain, the average NN50 (27.93Â33.97 vs. 138.75Â176.13; p=0.02), pNN50 (2.61Â3.47 vs. 11.66Â16.16; p=0.04) and geometric index (9757Â2787 vs. 13059Â2793; p=0.01) were significantly lower for patients with ICD. Although SDNN (50.18Â22.48 vs. 53.55Â12.61; p=0.70) and rMSSD (23.05Â13.78 vs. 32.32Â18.18; p=0.18) were lower for ICD subjects on the average, the difference was not significant. In the frequency domains (expressed in normalized units), HF-FFT (fast Fourier transformation) (29.40Â13.96 vs. 43.25Â12.95; p=0.03), HF-AR (autoregressive) (29.26Â14.7 vs. 43.71Â12.54; p=0.02), LF-FFT (70.59Â13.96 vs. 56.75Â12.54; p=0.03) and LF-AR (70.74Â14.75 vs. 56.28Â12.54; p=0.02) differed significantly between the groups, with ICD patients displaying lower average HF values and higher average LF values, whether by FFT or AR. The inferior sphincter relaxation time was longer for ICD patients (8.68Â2.95 vs. 5.73Â1.80; p=0.04). A significant correlation was observed between E‟ wave values and HF-FFT (rÂ=0.37; p=0.01), between E‟ wave values and HF-AR (rÂ=0.38; p=0.01), between sphincter relaxation time and HF-AR (rÂ=0,55; p=0.01) and between sphincter relaxation time and LF-AR (rÂ=0.39; p=0.05). Conclusion. HF values were significantly lower and LF values significantly higher in individuals with ICD than in normal controls, possibly due to predominantly sympathetic dysautonomia. E‟ wave values were significantly lower in ICD patients possibly due to minimal changes in diastolic function. In addition, the inferior sphincter relaxation time was significantly longer in subjects with ICD. Dysautonomia and functional changes of the left ventricle and esophagus may be dependent phenomena. === IntroduÃÃo. A doenÃa de Chagas à considerada atualmente a quarta molÃstia de maior impacto na AmÃrica Latina. IndivÃduos jà infectados continuarÃo sob o potencial risco de desenvolver a cardiomiopatia chagÃsica crÃnica, a principal causa de morbimortalidade. A doenÃa de Chagas representa, tambÃm, um modelo da desnervaÃÃo intrÃnseca do Sistema Nervoso EntÃrico (SNE). Estudos prÃvios, demonstraram alteraÃÃes importantes do sistema nervoso autÃnomo, do miocÃrdio e alteraÃÃes motoras do sistema digestivo. A forma indeterminada da DoenÃa à definida como assintomÃtica e sem alteraÃÃes de exames complementares simples (ECG, esofagograma, enema opaco, radiografia do tÃrax). Contudo, alteraÃÃes mÃnimas tanto da funÃÃo cardÃaca quanto digestiva jà foram relatadas neste grupo de pacientes que nÃo apresentam sinais clÃnicos intensos de desnervaÃÃo cardÃaca ou do SNE. A nossa hipÃtese à que estas alteraÃÃes possam ocorrer por disfunÃÃo autonÃmica. Este estudo teve como objetivo examinar a motilidade esofÃgica e a funÃÃo ventricular, e suas relaÃÃes com a variabilidade da frequÃncia cardÃaca (VFC) em indivÃduos chagÃsicos na forma indeterminada. MÃtodos. Vinte e quatro indivÃduos, sendo 16 pacientes chagÃsicos com a forma indeterminada e oito indivÃduos saudÃveis foram submetidos a monitorizaÃÃo eletrocardiogrÃfica de 30 minutos, sendo analisada a VFC no domÃnio do tempo e frequÃncia, avaliaÃÃo ecocardiogrÃfica com estudo das funÃÃes cardÃacas (sistÃlica e diastÃlica), assim como avaliaÃÃo da funÃÃo motora esofÃgica por manometria de perfusÃo com seis canais. Resultados. Foram observados funÃÃo sistÃlica (fraÃÃo de ejeÃÃo ventricular) preservada nos grupos indeterminado e controle (66,1Â7,28 versus 69,1Â6,36, p=0,35) e diferenÃa estatÃstica significativa na avaliaÃÃo da onda E‟ do Doppler tecidual, exibindo valores menores no grupo indeterminado (0,12Â0,02 versus 0,14Â0,01, p=0,02). Embora nÃo houvesse diferenÃa estatÃstica significativa entre os valores mÃdios do tempo de desaceleraÃÃo da onda E (TDE), o grupo indeterminado apresentou valores aumentados em relaÃÃo ao controle (200,81Â35,17 versus 191,57Â36,08). Nas medidas da VFC, no domÃnio do tempo, os valores mÃdios de NN50 (27,93Â33,97 versus 138,75Â176, 13, p=0,02), pNN50 (2,61Â3,47 versus 11,66Â16,16, p=0,04), Ãndice geomÃtrico (9757Â2787 versus 13059Â2793, p=0,01) apresentavam-se menores no grupo indeterminado com diferenÃa estatÃstica significante. Os Ãndices SDNN (50,18Â22,48 versus 53,55Â12,61, p=0,70), rMSSD (23,05Â13,78 versus 32,32Â18,18, p=0,18) apresentavam valores mÃdios diminuÃdos no grupo indeterminado, embora sem diferenÃa estatÃstica. No domÃnio da frequÃncia, as variÃveis (unidades normalizadas) HF FFT (transformada de Fourier) (29,40Â13,96 versus 43,25Â12,95, p=0,03), HF AR (autorregressivo) (29,26Â14,7 versus 43,71Â12,54, p=0,02) e LF FFT (70,59Â13,96 versus 56,75Â12,54, p=0,03), LF AR (70,74Â14,75 versus 56,28Â12,54, p=0,02) apresentaram diferenÃas estatÃsticas significantes, exibindo valores mÃdios diminuÃdos em relaÃÃo a HF e aumentados em relaÃÃo a LF no grupo indeterminado, seja pela transformada de Fourier ou pelo mÃtodo autorregressivo. A duraÃÃo do relaxamento do esfÃncter inferior (EEI) apresentou valores maiores nos pacientes na forma indeterminada (8,68Â2,95 versus 5,73Â1,80, p=0,04). Observou-se correlaÃÃo significativa entre a onda E‟do Doppler tecidual e a variÃvel HF FFT (rÂ=0,37, p=0,01), entre a onda E‟do Doppler tecidual e a variÃvel HF AR (rÂ=0,38, p=0,01), entre a duraÃÃo do relaxamento do EEI e HF AR (rÂ=0,55, p=0,01), entre a duraÃÃo do relaxamento do EEI e LF AR (rÂ=0,39,p=0,05). ConclusÃo. Os valores de HF power sÃo significativamente menores nos indivÃduos chagÃsicos com a forma indeterminada; os valores de LF power sÃo significativamente maiores, nos indivÃduos chagÃsicos com a forma indeterminada podendo corresponder a disautonomia com predomÃnio simpÃtico. Os valores 7 da onda E‟ sÃo significativamente menores nos indivÃduos chagÃsicos com a forma indeterminada, podendo corresponder a mÃnima alteraÃÃo da funÃÃo diastÃlica. A duraÃÃo do relaxamento do EEI apresenta valores significativamente maiores nos pacientes chagÃsicos. A disautonomia e as alteraÃÃes funcionais do ventrÃculo esquerdo e do esÃfago podem ser fenÃmenos dependentes.