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Previous issue date: 2012-12-10 === The doctoral dissertation has two sections: a theoretical and an empirical one, about
false memories (FM) and emotion. In the theoretical section, the general purpose was to
review the literature about the impact of emotion on memory. The conflicting results from
studies about FM and valence can be summarized as follows: (a) emotional events produce
low rates of FM, and (b) emotional events produce high rates of FM. We identified memory
processes that might be responsible for the valence effect on true(TM) and false memories
(FM). The empirical section is composed by two experiments: (a) The effect of valence on
false memories under the DRM paradigm and (b) The role of attention in the effects of
emotional valence in true and false memories . The first study (a) was designed to investigate
the influence of valence in the production of FM using the DRM paradigm under a divided
attention manipulation. Two theoretical explanations for FM were compared: Distinctive
Heuristic and Fuzzy-Trace Theory. The results suggested that valence impacted recognition
memory responses. False memory rates were higher for negative information as compared to
neutral and positive. Divided attention (DA) influenced TM performance but not FM. This
result seems to indicate that DA negatively affects TM but as no effect on FM. The second
paper (b) aimed examining the effects of valence on TM and FM and the cognitive
mechanisms underlying these effects. Results indicated that participants valence ratings did
not differ from the normed data. There was also no difference between attention groups (i.e.,
complete and divided) in the evaluation of the lists. So, it seems that DA did not interfere in
the emotional processing. Regarding memory rates, the following results were obtained: (a)
negative valence produced high rates of FM, and (b) DA affected TM, but not FM. These
findings did not seem to indicate that the same cognitive mechanisms are responsible for the
effect of valence on memory and the creation of FM. Nonetheless, semantic features can the
involved in the effects of valence. === A presente tese possui duas se??es: uma te?rica e outra emp?rica, que abordam as falsas mem?rias (FM) e emo??o. Na se??o te?rica, o objetivo geral foi realizar um levantamento da literatura sobre o impacto das emo??es na mem?ria. Para tanto, analisaramse os resultados contradit?rios em estudos sobre FM e val?ncia, quais sejam: (a) eventos emocionais produzem menor ?ndice de FM, (b) eventos emocionais produzem altas taxas de FM. Buscou-se identificar os processos de mem?ria, que s?o respons?veis pelo efeito de val?ncia em mem?rias verdadeiras (MV) e FM. A se??o emp?rica ? composta por dois experimentos: (a) O efeito da val?ncia emocional em falsas mem?rias no paradigma DRM e (b) O papel da aten??o sobre os efeitos da val?ncia emocional nas mem?rias verdadeiras e falsas. O experimento (a) buscou investigar a influ?ncia da val?ncia na produ??o de FM, pelo paradigma DRM. Especificamente, analisou-se o papel da aten??o na etapa de codifica??o de informa??o emocional para a produ??o de FM, comparando-se duas teorias explicativas: Heur?stica da Distintividade e Teoria do Tra?o Difuso. Os resultados sugerem que a val?ncia emocional influencia a mem?ria. Comparando-se as informa??es de val?ncia negativa em rela??o ?s de val?ncia neutra e positiva, as primeiras mostram mais altos n?veis de FM. A aten??o dividia (AD) afetou o desempenho de MV, ainda que os ?ndices de FM n?o fossem afetados. O segundo experimento (b) teve por objetivo examinar os efeitos da val?ncia nas MV e FM, bem como estudar alguns dos mecanismos cognitivos subjacentes aos efeitos de emo??o nas MV e FM. Os resultados indicaram que a avalia??o de val?ncia realizada pelos participantes n?o diferiam dos dados fornecidos pelos bancos de normas dessas listas. Tamb?m n?o houve diferen?a na avalia??o das listas entre os grupos de aten??o (i.e., completa e dividida), ou seja, AD n?o parece ter interferido no processamento de emo??o. No que tange aos ?ndices de mem?ria, os resultados obtidos foram: (a) val?ncia negativa produziu altos ?ndices de FM e (b) AD afetou os ?ndices de MV, mas n?o os de FM. Estes resultados n?o permitem afirmar que o efeito de val?ncia na mem?ria e a cria??o de FM pertencem a um mesmo mecanismo cognitivo, mas que recursos sem?nticos podem estar implicados nos efeitos de val?ncia nas falsas mem?rias.
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