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Previous issue date: 2015-02-24 === Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES === A pesca artesanal representa uma das mais importantes atividades econ?micas do Rio Grande
do Norte (RN), constituindo-se na principal forma de sobreviv?ncia e renda para muitas
fam?lias. O litoral sul do RN tem forte tradi??o pesqueira, tanto na explora??o de peixes
quanto na coleta de moluscos ?s margens da Lagoa de Guara?ra (APA Bonfim-Guara?ra). Nos
?ltimos anos as comunidades pesqueiras se tornaram mais vulner?veis ?s influ?ncias externas,
uma vez que est?o expostas as mudan?as socioecon?micas e ambientais. Essas mudan?as
exigem adapta??es dos pescadores ?s distintas condi??es do meio, j? que os sistemas sociais e
naturais s?o impulsionados por processos de reorganiza??o e readapta??o. Assim, o presente
estudo tem o objetivo geral de analisar as principais mudan?as socioambientais ocorridas em
comunidades pesqueiras, a partir do entendimento dos pescadores e marisqueiras sobre essa
problem?tica. Como objetivos espec?ficos buscaram-se: delinear o perfil socioecon?mico, as
perspectivas e dificuldades dos pescadores e marisqueiras e investigar as principais mudan?as
sociais e ambientais ocorridas nas comunidades pesqueiras de Patan? e Camocim (Arez/RN).
A metodologia utilizada foi qualitativo-quantitativa com as t?cnicas de observa??o em campo
e entrevistas abertas e semiestruturadas aplicadas aos representantes da Col?nia de Pesca, aos
pescadores e as marisqueiras. Entre os meses de Janeiro a Julho de 2014 foram aplicadas as
entrevistas semiestruturadas com 41 interlocutores de Patan? e 23 de Camocim; totalizando
64 pessoas. Os resultados indicaram que os interlocutores t?m idade entre 40 a 60 anos;
possuem apenas o n?vel de ensino fundamental incompleto; s?o casados e t?m filhos;
sobrevivem com um rendimento mensal menor do que um sal?rio m?nimo e n?o est?o
recebendo o seguro defeso. O estudo de caso tamb?m revelou que os problemas
socioecon?micos e ambientais refletem em mudan?as na reprodu??o, organiza??o e divis?o
social do trabalho, gerando modifica??es adaptativas das fam?lias ?s influ?ncias externas,
advindas diretamente de outras atividades econ?micas e da press?o do mercado e
indiretamente, do turismo. Dessa forma, as adapta??es ao cen?rio de mudan?as se
apresentaram como favor?veis aos aspectos econ?micos e no que tange aos aspectos
socioambientais, desfavor?veis. Em suma, a atividade pesqueira se desenvolve em meio a
entraves t?cnicos, burocr?ticos e financeiros, circunscritas na necessidade cotidiana de
homens e mulheres ? o fator determinante na disposi??o de continuar no exerc?cio da pesca e
mariscagem na Lagoa de Guara?ra, espa?o que representa as rela??es sociais, pr?ticas e
costumes transmitidos no decorrer da hist?ria local atrav?s da mem?ria social dos mais velhos
para os mais jovens. === Artisanal fishing is one of the important economic activities of Rio Grande do Norte (RN),
becoming the main form of survival and income for many families. The southern coast of RN
has strong fishing tradition, both in exploitation of fish as in the collection of mollusks on the
banks of Guara?ra Lagoon (APA Bonfim-Guara?ra). In recent years, fishing communities have
become more vulnerable to outside influences, since the socio-economic and environmental
changes are exposed. These changes require adjustments to the fishermen to different
environmental conditions, as the social and natural systems are driven by reorganization and
upgrading processes. The living conditions in fishing communities are objective and
necessary in different ways, according to a selection that is cultural, so adaptable. This study
has the general objective to analyze the main environmental changes in fishing communities,
based on the understanding of fishermen and mollusk fisherwomen about this problem. The
specific objectives searched to: describe the socioeconomic profile, prospects and difficulties
of fishermen and mollusk fisherwomen; investigate the major social and environmental
changes in the fishing communities of Patan? and Camocim (Arez/RN). The methodology
was qualitative-quantitative with the techniques of observation in the field and open and
semistructured interviews applied to representatives of Cologne fishing, fishermen and
mollusk fisherwomen. Between the months of January to July 2014 were applied semistructured
interviews with 41 interlocutors in Patan? and 23 of Camocim; totaling 64 people.
The results indicated that the interlocutors are aged 40 to 60 years; have only completed
elementary school level; are married and have children; survive on less than a minimum wage
income and they are not receiving employment insurance. The case study also revealed that
the socioeconomic and environmental problems reflected in changes in reproduction,
organization and social division of labor, which generates adaptive changes of families to
external influences, resulting directly from other economic activities and market pressure and
indirectly from tourism. Therefore, adaptations to changes scenario presented as favorable to
economic aspects and unfavorable to the social and environmental aspects. In short, the
fishery develops on technical, bureaucratic and financial obstacles, in the everyday needs of
men and women is the determining factor in willingness to continue exercising fishing and
shell fishing on Guara?ra Lagoon, space representing relations social, practices and customs
transmitted in the course of local history through social memory of the oldest to the youngest.
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