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Previous issue date: 2011-02-24 === CAPES === CNPq === The wet tropical climate, characteristic of great part of the Northeast, Midwest and part of the Southeast regions of Brazil, present markedly a rainy season and a dry one. During the dry season, the evapotranspiration provides capillary movements of water in soil coincidently with the superficial accumulation of NO3 -. The amount of nitrate in the soil may vary with the seasonality of environmental variables, such as the temperature and precipitation, thus influencing the assimilation process, the consumption and the storage of that ion by the plants. This way, in the beginning of the rainy period there is a great availability of NO3 - in the soil. This phenomenon has being identified as nitrate flush. The objective of the study was to evaluate the possibility of occurrence of synchronism among N-NO3 - flush and absorption of N by two rice varieties dissimilar in the storage capacity and remobilization of N in field conditions. Two experiments were installed in two consecutive years in the town of S?o Luis and in Miranda do Norte, Maranh?o State. The areas had three different management systems: alley cropping, slash-and-burn agriculture (cutting down and burning), and conventional system. The legume trees used were: Leucaena leucocephala (Leucena); Clitoria fairchildiana (Philippine pigeonwings); and Acacia mangium (acacia). They were combined among themselves, in the following treatments: Philippine pigeonwings + Leucena (S + L); Acacia + Leucena (A + L), and a reference plot, without legume trees. The experimental design was of random blocks in sub-subdivided plots with four repetitions. The appraised parameters were: nitrate reductase (NR) activity, the plant N metabolism, the mineralization of N in soil, the seasonal flow of NO3 - in soil, biomass production, and the rice productivity. According to the results, the addition of biomass from legume trees did not cause great alterations in the soil characteristics, in S?o Luis and in the Miranda do Norte areas. In the soil the largest changes were observed for the burnt area and the one with conventional system. The Acacia + Leucena alley cropping influenced significantly most of evaluated variables, and in most of the time they showed superior to Sombreiro + Leucena alley and the testimony. In general, the activity of the nitrate reductase was low, for all systems. However, a variation was verified in the enzyme activity according to sampling period. The results showed the largest reductions in NO3 - in the hems, indicating this is the preferential plant part for N remobilization in rice. The traditional variety always presented lower values of NR activity, and it accumulated more NO3 - compared with the improved variety. There were seasonal variations in the levels of NO3 - and NH4 + in the soil; however the largest accumulations of NH4 + occurred in the superficial layer and in the beginning of the rainy season. The rice productivity was low; however it differed significantly among the management systems. === O clima tropical ?mido, caracter?stico de grande parte do Nordeste, Centro-Oeste e parte do Sudeste do Brasil, apresenta de forma marcante uma esta??o chuvosa e outra seca. Durante a esta??o seca, a evapotranspira??o proporciona movimentos capilares de ?gua no solo coincidentes com o ac?mulo superficial de NO3 -. Esse conte?do de nitrato no solo pode variar com a sazonalidade de vari?veis ambientais, tais como a temperatura e a precipita??o, assim influenciando o processo de assimila??o, o consumo e o armazenamento desse ?on pelas plantas. Portanto, no in?cio do per?odo chuvoso ocorre grande disponibilidade de NO3 - no solo e este fen?meno tem sido denominado como ?flush? de nitrato. O objetivo do estudo foi o de avaliar a possibilidade de ocorr?ncia do sincronismo entre esse ?flush? de N-NO3 - e a absor??o de N por duas variedades de arroz diferentes quanto ? capacidade de armazenamento e remobiliza??o de N em condi??es de campo. Para tal, foram instalados dois experimentos por dois anos consecutivos nos munic?pios de S?o Luis e Miranda do Norte, Estado do Maranh?o em tr?s diferentes sistemas de manejo: cultivo em al?ias, ro?a no toco (derrubada e queima) e sistema convencional. As esp?cies de leguminosas utilizadas foram: Leucaena leucocephala (leucena); a Clitoria fairchildiana (sombreiro) e a Acacia mangium (ac?cia), combinadas entre si, nos seguintes tratamentos: Sombreiro + Leucena (S + L); Ac?cia + Leucena (A+ L) e Testemunha, sem leguminosas. Em todos os sistemas de manejo adotou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados em parcelas sub-subdivididas com quatro repeti??es. Os par?metros avaliados foram ? atividade da nitrato redutase, o metabolismo do N na planta, o fluxo sazonal de NO3 - no solo, produ??o de biomassa e a produtividade do arroz. De acordo com resultados, a adi??o de biomassa das leguminosas n?o causou grandes altera??es nas caracter?sticas do solo tanto em S?o Luis quanto no munic?pio de Miranda do Norte. No solo as maiores altera??es foram observadas para o a ?rea queimada e a ?rea mantida em sistema convencional. As al?ias de Ac?cia + Leucena influenciaram de forma significativa a maioria das vari?veis avaliadas apresentando-se na maioria das vezes superiores as al?ias de Sombreiro + Leucena e a testemunha. No geral, a atividade da nitrato redutase foi baixa em todos os sistemas de manejo. No entanto, constatou-se varia??o na atividade da enzima em fun??o ?poca de amostragem. Os resultados mostraram que as maiores redu??es nos teores de NO3 - foram observados nas bainhas, indicando ser este o local preferencial para a remobiliza??o de N em arroz. A variedade tradicional apresentou sempre valores mais baixos de atividade da NR e acumulou mais NO3 - comparada com a variedade melhorada. Houve varia??es sazonais no teor de NO3 - e NH4 + no solo, por?m os maiores ac?mulos de NH4 + ocorreram na camada superficial e in?cio da esta??o chuvosa. A produtividade do arroz foi baixa, por?m diferiu de forma significativa entre os sistemas de manejo.
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