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Previous issue date: 2012 === Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (Capes) === Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq) === Minist?rio do Desenvolvimento Agr?rio/Secretaria de Agricultura Familiar === O m?dio vale do Jequitinhonha apresenta condi??es clim?ticas adversas, tendendo para a semiaridez, com precipita??es anuais abaixo de 1.000 mm, demandando estrat?gias de conviv?ncia com essas condi??es. Os solos agr?colas nessas regi?es tropicais, por estarem expostos aos fen?menos clim?ticos, t?rmicos e h?dricos, necessitam de prote??o cont?nua, alcan?ada atrav?s da cobertura, viva ou morta, proporcionada principalmente por leguminosas herb?ceas perenes utilizadas na aduba??o verde. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento e as potencialidades de leguminosas herb?ceas perenes para uso como aduba??o verde, em recupera??o ao per?odo de seca, e avaliar a produ??o do quiabeiro em cultivo sobre a cobertura viva dessas leguminosas, sob manejo org?nico, na regi?o do m?dio vale do Jequitinhonha/MG. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos: o primeiro com as leguminosas cudzu tropical (Pueraria phaseoloides), calopog?nio (Calopogonium mucunoides), amendoim forrageiro (Arachis pintoi), soja perene (Glycine wightii), estilosantes campo grande (Stylosanthes capitata, Stylosanthes macrocephala) e com plantas espont?neas (controle); e o segundo com o quiabeiro cultivado em cons?rcio com essas leguminosas. O delineamento experimental utilizado nos dois experimentos foi o de blocos, nesse caso com quatro repeti??es. Observou-se que no primeiro experimento o cudzu e a soja perene restabeleceram-se na ?rea, mais influenciados pela rebrota do que pelo ressemeio; o amendoim forrageiro e o estilosantes restabeleceram-se pelos dois m?todos propagativos citados; e o calopog?nio se restabeleceu praticamente por ressemeio. As esp?cies cudzu tropical, calopog?nio, amendoim forrageiro e soja perene se destacaram para a cobertura do solo. O uso das leguminosas como cobertura permanente promoveu inibi??o e mudan?as na composi??o das esp?cies de plantas espont?neas ao longo do tempo, com destaque para o cudzu. Todas as leguminosas proporcionaram menor temperatura do solo em rela??o ao controle, com destaque para o cudzu e amendoim forrageiro. O calopog?nio se destacou entre as leguminosas com maior capacidade de reten??o da umidade do solo. O uso de leguminosas perenes como calopog?nio, cuduz tropical e soja perene, pode contribuir para o incremento de N, e a ciclagem dos macronutrientes, al?m do aumento da mat?ria org?nica sobre o solo, por meio do material senescente. Independentemente do tratamento, foram encontrados maiores valores de P, K, Mg, SB, pH e mat?ria org?nica nos primeiros 5 cm de profundidade. Os tratamentos calopog?nio, cudzu e soja perene se destacaram, para o teor de K, Mg, SB, H+Al e T em todas as profundidades do solo, com o controle tamb?m se destacando para o teor de K. Em todas as profundidades, o solo sob cudzu revelou o menor valor de pH. Amendoim forrageiro, calopog?nio e soja perene se destacaram para o teor de P na camada de 10 a 20 cm de profundidade do solo. O calopog?nio apresentou os maiores teores de mat?ria org?nica em todas as profundidades, e independentemente do tratamento, na medida em que se aumenta a profundidade do solo, observam-se valores decrescentes para o teor de mat?ria org?nica. O controle, calopog?nio, cudzu e estilosantes apresentaram o maior valor de carbono da mat?ria org?nica leve. No segundo experimento observou-se que ap?s estiagem, com in?cio do restabelecimento, cudzu tropical, soja perene e amendoim forrageiro, demonstraram consider?vel potencial de ac?mulo de mat?ria seca na parte a?rea. Ap?s o corte, o calopog?nio e o amendoim forrageiro restabeleceram-se bem, principalmente atrav?s de germina??o, proporcionada pelo banco de sementes depositado no solo e tamb?m por rebrota, no caso do amendoim forrageiro. O cudzu e a soja perene promoveram menor presen?a de plantas espont?neas. Amendoim forrageiro e calopog?nio se destacaram em proporcionar menor temperatura do solo e todas as leguminosas promoveram maior reten??o de umidade do solo, com exce??o do estilosantes, quando comparados com o controle. O quiabeiro cultivado sobre soja perene e cudzu tropical apresentou maiores alturas. A aduba??o verde com soja perene, estilosantes e cudzu tropical, proporcionou aumento no n?mero e produtividade de frutos de quiabeiro por colheita, por somat?rio de colheitas, e por classe. === Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Produ??o Vegetal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2012. === ABSTRACT The m?dio vale do Jequitinhonha is severely punished by adverse climate conditions, tending to the semiarid, with annual rainfall below 1.000 mm, then it is required strategies for dealing with these conditions. Soils in these tropical regions need continuous protection because they are exposed to extreme climate, temperature and water. Bad consequences can be minimized by alive or dead coverage which came mainly from perennial herbaceous leguminous used for green manure. This study aimed to evaluate the performance and potential of perennial herbaceous leguminous to be used as green manure on recovery at dry period, and the production of okra cultivated on these leguminous living coverage, under organic management in the region of m?dio vale do Jequitinhonha/MG. Two experiments were conducted: the first one with tropical kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides), calopo (Calopogonium mucunoides), forage peanut (Arachis pintoi), perennial soybeans (Glycine wightii), stylosanthes (Stylosanthes capitata, Stylosanthes macrocephala) and control group; and in the second one, okra was intercropped with these leguminous. A randomized block design was used with four replicates. It was observed that in the first experiment, the perennial soybean and kudzu had re-established themselves in the area, more influenced by re-growth than by re-seeding. Forage peanut and stylosanthes were restored by the two propagation methods mentioned, and calopo was restored by re-seeding. The tropical kudzu, calopo, forage peanut and perennial soybean species stood out on soil coverage. The use of leguminous plants as permanent coverage promoted inhibition and changes in the weed species composition of the species over time, emphasing kudzu. All leguminous plants provided lower soil temperature as compared to the control group, especially the kudzu and forage peanut. The calopo stood out among the leguminous plants with a greater capacity to retain soil humidity. The use of these perennial leguminous may contribute to the increase of N, and the cycling of macronutrients besides increasing organic matter on the soil through senescent material. Regardless of the treatment, higher values of P, K, Mg, SB, pH and organic matter were found in the first 5 cm depth. The calopo, kudzu and perennial soybean treatments stood out for the content of K, Mg, SB, T and H + Al in all soil depths, with the control group also standing out for the content of K. In all depths, the soil under kudzu showed the lowest pH value. Peanut forage, calopo and perennial soybean stood out for P content from 10 to 20 cm of soil depth. The calopo showed the highest levels of organic matter at all depths, regardling of the treatment. As soil depth increases, values of organic matter content decreases. The control group, calopo, kudzu and stylosanthes showed the greatest amount of carbon from light organic matter. In the second experiment it was observed that after dry time, beginning the restoration, kudzu tropical, perennial soybean and forage peanut, showed considerable potential for dry matter accumulation in shoots. After cutting, forage peanut and calopo had a great recoverage, mainly through germination, provided by the seed bank in the soil and also in the case of forage peanut re-growth. The kudzu and perennial soybean promoted lower re-infestation of weeds. Calopo and the forage peanut were better in providing lower soil temperature and all leguminous plants promoted a greater retention of soil humidity, except for stylosanthes, when compared to control group. The okra grown on soybeans and tropical kudzu presented higher heights. Green manure with perennial soybean, Kudzu and stylosanthes increased the number and the productivity of okra by harvest, by the sum of harvests, and by class.
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