Morfologia, integra??o e modularidade do aparato cef?lico de defesa em soldados de Syntermitinae (Blattaria: Isoptera)

• Main Author: Cruz, Camila Cristina da
• Other Authors: Marques, Rodrigo C?sar
• Language: Portuguese
• Published: UFVJM 2018
• Subjects: Cupins; M?dulos; Filogenia; Grupo alimentar; Bioma; Termites; Phylogeny; Modules; Food group; Biome
• Online Access: http://acervo.ufvjm.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1743

Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique ([e-mail]) on 2018-07-04T22:38:12Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) camila_cristina_cruz.pdf: 3910032 bytes, checksum: 2be8babcbf5d1152165e4b83109c4356 (MD5) === Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz ([e-mail]) on 2018-07-18T13:11:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) camila_cristina_cruz.pdf: 3910032 bytes, checksum: 2be8babcbf5d1152165e4b83109c4356 (MD5) === Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-18T13:11:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) camila_cristina_cruz.pdf: 3910032 bytes, checksum: 2be8babcbf5d1152165e4b83109c4356 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 === Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) === A subfam?lia Syntermitinae (Blattaria: Isoptera), apresenta grande diversidade quanto a morfologia de seus membros, que varia desde soldados com nasus curto e mand?bulas robustas e retas, a soldados com nasus longo e mand?bulas estreitas e curvadas. Frente a essa diversidade morfol?gica e escassez de estudos relacionados a morfometria do grupo, este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar se existe integra??o e modularidade entre as estruturas que comp?em o aparato cef?lico de defesa de Syntermtinae, bem como analisar se existe correla??o entre a morfologia e filogenia, al?m de investigar se a forma desses aparatos ? influenciada por algum fator ecol?gico e se a morfologia da cabe?a est? relacionada ao tipo de mand?bula. Para a cabe?a em vista lateral, a presen?a de dois m?dulos foi testada: a regi?o do nasus e regi?o de inser??o da mand?bula. Para as mand?bulas direita e esquerda, dois m?dulos foram testados: as regi?es apical e c?ndilo-molar. As hip?teses de modularidade foram testadas por meio do coeficiente RV de Escoufier. Para determinar a correla??o entre a forma da cabe?a e das mand?bulas com a filogenia do grupo, foi empregado o teste de Mantel entre as matrizes de dist?ncias morfom?tricas e dist?ncia filogen?tica entre as esp?cies. Uma An?lise de Vari?ncia Multivariada Permutacional, foi realizada para avaliar a rela??o entre fatores ecol?gicos (grupo alimentar e bioma), e a morfologia da cabe?a e mand?bulas, bem como a rela??o entre morfologia da cabe?a e tipo de mand?bula. A hip?tese de modularidade n?o foi suportada para a cabe?a (coeficiente RV=0,98; propor??o=0,5428), no entanto, para as mand?bulas direita e esquerda a hip?tese foi corroborada (coeficiente RV=0,39 e propor??o=0,0277; coeficiente RV=0,29 e propor??o=0,0266, respectivamente). Para a cabe?a, a aus?ncia de modularidade pode estar relacionada ao tipo de defesa exercida pelos soldados de Syntermitinae: por serem soldados de defesa mista, o nasus age de forma coordenada com as mand?bulas e, dessa forma, as duas regi?es estariam sujeitas ?s mesmas press?es seletivas. J? a an?lise feita para as mand?bulas direita e esquerda, indicou a exist?ncia de m?dulos constitu?dos pelas regi?es apical e c?ndilo-mandibular. A regi?o c?ndilo-mandibular se mant?m mais est?vel ao longo do desenvolvimento do oper?rio em soldado, no entanto a regi?o apical varia mais em forma ap?s a diferencia??o e essa varia??o ? diferente conforme as esp?cies. Foi observado que a filogenia explica parte da varia??o da morfologia da cabe?a (r=0,3456; p<0,001), mas n?o explica a varia??o da forma das mand?bulas. Os fatores ecol?gicos, grupo alimentar e bioma, tamb?m n?o foram capazes de explicar a morfologia da cabe?a e mand?bulas. A morfologia da cabe?a est? relacionada ao tipo de mand?bula (p<0,001). Em Syntermitinae, esp?cies filogeneticamente distantes possuem forma da cabe?a semelhante, o que indica converg?ncia. A forma das mand?bulas, portanto, est? ligada a fun??o exercida por elas e n?o a filogenia do grupo. O grupo alimentar n?o influencia a forma da cabe?a e mand?bulas dos soldados, no entanto pode influenciar na morfologia dos oper?rios, j? que estes s?o respons?veis pelo forrageio. Al?m disso fatores como, preda??o e competi??o podem estar relacionados a varia??o da morfologia do grupo. === Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-gradua??o em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017. === The subfamily Syntermitinae (Blattaria: Isoptera) presents great diversity in the morphology of its members, ranging from soldiers with short nasus and robust and straight mandible, to soldiers with long nasus and narrow and curved mandibles. Faced with this morphological diversity and lack of studies related to the morphometry of the group, this study aimed to analyze whether there is integration and modularity between the structures that make up the cephalic defense apparatus of Syntermtinae, as well as to analyze if there is a correlation between morphology and phylogeny, besides investigating whether the shape of these apparatuses is influenced by some ecological factor and if the morphology of the head is related to the type of mandible. For the head in lateral view, the presence of two modules was tested: the nasal region and the region of insertion of the mandible. For the right and left mandibles, two modules were tested: the apical and condylar-molar regions. The modularity hypotheses were tested using the Escoufier RV coefficient. To determine the correlation between the head and mandible form with the phylogeny of the group, the Mantel test was used between the matrices of morphometric distances and phylogenetic distance between the species. A Permutational Multivariate Variance Analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between ecological factors (food group and biome), morphology of the head and mandibles, as well as the relationship between head morphology and mandible type. However, for the right and left mandibles, the hypothesis was corroborated (RV coefficient=0.39 and ratio=0, 0277, RV coefficient=0.29 and ratio=0.0266, respectively). For the head, the absence of modularity may be related to the type of defense exerted by the soldiers of Syntermitinae: because they are soldiers of mixed defense, nasus acts in a coordinated way with the mandibles and, therefore, the two regions would be subject to the same selective pressures. The analysis carried out for the right and left mandibles, indicated the existence of modules constituted by the apical and condyle-mandibular regions. The condyle-mandibular region remains more stable throughout the worker's development in soldier. However, the apical region varies more in shape after the differentiation and this variation is different according to the species. It was observed that the phylogeny explains part of the variation of the head morphology (r=0.3456; p<0.001), but does not explain the variation of the mandible shape. The ecological factors, food group and biome, were also not able to explain the morphology of the head and mandibles. The morphology of the head is related to the type of mandible (p<0.001). In Syntermitinae, phylogenetically distant species have similar headform, which indicates convergence. The shape of the mandibles, therefore, is linked to the function exerted by them and not to the phylogeny of the group. The food group does not influence the shape of the heads and mandibles of the soldiers. However, it can influence the morphology of the workers, since they are responsible for the foraging. In addition factors such as predation and competition may be related to variation of group morphology.