Generative Incubators
Starting the own business is sometimes a dream sometimes a nightmare but undoubtedly from a macro-economic perspective it is considered to be a promising concept to secure long-term economic growth and society’s welfare, at least in Germany. Strong efforts were made to support start ups and potentia...
| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Other Authors: | |
| Format: | Others |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz
2008
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-200800655 http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-200800655 http://www.qucosa.de/fileadmin/data/qucosa/documents/5585/data/123456.pdf http://www.qucosa.de/fileadmin/data/qucosa/documents/5585/20080065.txt |
| Summary: | Starting the own business is sometimes a dream sometimes a nightmare but undoubtedly from a
macro-economic perspective it is considered to be a promising concept to secure long-term economic
growth and society’s welfare, at least in Germany. Strong efforts were made to support
start ups and potential entrepreneurs to run their own business. A plethora of programs were
launched which were supposed to facilitate the start up process – but reality is disenchanting: The
published data in the 2004 GEM indicate that the idea of an entrepreneurial society in Germany is
still far beyond its realization. Germany ranks 17th out of 31 GEM states in terms of “nascent entrepreneurs”
and only 22nd regarding the “young entrepreneurs”. Compared to other GEM countries
the German adults are considered to be more pessimistic in terms of entrepreneurial issues:
The chances of establishing a successful business are evaluated lower than the years before. On
the other hand the context factors which are considered to influence the start up opportunities
especially in terms of governmental support and physical infrastructure were evaluated to be one
of the best. Especially concerning the latter aspect strong efforts have been made to support
entrepreneurs. In this context, and maybe because of
- A “… post-1970s fascination with ‘high-tech’ regions worldwide”
(Cooke/Leydesdorff 2006: 9),
- A continuous liberalization of the world market and its impact on national production
systems (which is well discussed in the context of the conversion of cooperatives), or
- The dawn of the concept of national innovations systems (e.g. Lundvall 1988;
Cozzens et al. 1990),
For more than two decades, one promising concept of sustaining entrepreneurs was seen in
the idea of incubators1 which mainly offer support in terms of infrastructure and funding
opportunities.
Meantime, we observe that questions emerge of how effective and efficient incubators work
as one major instrument of macroentrepreneurial (Van de Veen 1995, Chiles/Meyer 2001)
activities in order to facilitate start ups and to support the first steps of a new business from its
start to its growth.
The value of the incubator model as an effective means of technology and knowledge transfer
especially from universities is continually discussed and questioned (Cunningham 1999). For
example, a study run by Allen and Kahman (1985) concluded that incubators are tools for
developing enterprises which create a positive environment for small businesses to succeed.
Indeed, lots of studies brought up that incubators are an efficient and effective way to sustain
spin-out processes and to contribute to regional development and prosperity. However, on the
other hand some shortcomings are obvious: Finer and Holberton (2000) take into question the
incubator model because it takes the initiative away from the start-up team.
The paper refers to these observations. We assume by means of some international empirical
studies that the functions of incubators are enhanced as a result of a (evolutional) learning
process. On this basis we derive hypothesis about the dealing with the upcoming challenges
and provide further research questions in an explorative way. Paragraph 2 introduces a three
phased model of business incubators and classifies existing incubators. It will be obvious, that
there is an increasing amount of functions that are allocated by incubators. Within paragraph 3
we examine recent developments from a macroeconomic perspective and contrast to this the
evolution of incubators. Paragraph 4 presents two types of incubators that take these
1 In the context of this paper we primarly refer to non-profit incubators.
contradictions into account and offers an alternative coping. Summarizing, we give an outlook
on further research questions which will substantiate the evolutionary perspective on
incubators. |
|---|