Patched-mediated regulation of Smoothened trafficking and activity by Lipophorin-derived lipids

• Main Author: Khaliullina-Skultety, Helena
• Other Authors: Technische Universität Dresden, Fakultät Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften
• Format: Doctoral Thesis
• Language: English
• Published: Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden 2011
• Subjects: Hedgehog Signalweg; Smoothened; Patched; Lipoproteine; Lipide; Hedgehog signaling; lipoproteins; lipids; ddc:570; rvk:WD 5400
• Online Access: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-65291; http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-65291; http://www.qucosa.de/fileadmin/data/qucosa/documents/6529/Dissertation.pdf

Hedgehog is a lipid-linked morphogen that is carried on lipoprotein particles and that regulates both patterning and proliferation in a wide variety of vertebrate and invertebrate tissues. Hyperactivity of Hedgehog signaling causes numerous forms of cancer. Hedgehog acts by binding to its receptor Patched, relieving the suppression of Smoothened and initiating Smoothened signaling. The mechanism by which Patched represses Smoothened has been unclear, but correlates with reduced Smoothened levels on the basolateral membrane. The structural homology of Patched with the Niemann-Pick-Type C1 protein and bacterial transmembrane transporters suggests that Patched might regulate lipid trafficking to repress Smoothened. However, no endogenous lipid regulators of Smoothened have yet been identified, nor has it ever been shown that Patched actually controls lipid trafficking. This work shows that, in Drosophila melanogaster, the Sterol-Sensing Domain of Patched regulates Smoothened trafficking from Patched-positive endosomes. Furthermore, it demonstrates that Patched recruits internalized lipoproteins to Patched-positive endosomes. Thereby, Patched regulates the efflux of specific lipoprotein-derived lipids from this compartment via its Sterol-Sensing Domain and utilizes these lipids to destabilize Smoothened on the basolateral membrane. We propose that Patched normally promotes Smoothened degradation and subsequently downregulates its activity by changing the lipid composition of endosomes through which Smoothened passes. For this purpose, Patched utilizes a specific lipid – possibly a modified sterol or sphingolipid – derived from lipoproteins. Further, we suggest that the presence of Hedgehog on lipoprotein particles inhibits utilization of their lipids by Patched.