蒙特梭利自由思想教育意涵之研究

• Main Authors: 莊梨青, Chuang, Li-Ching
• Language: 中文
• Published: 國立政治大學
• Subjects: 蒙特梭利; 自由; 另類教育; Montessori; freedom; alternation education
• Online Access: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/cgi-bin/cdrfb3/gsweb.cgi?o=dstdcdr&i=sid=%22G0891520041%22.

隨著歐洲十七世紀啟蒙運動的發展，歐洲人深信人類在運用理性之下，社會是會趨向進步；而藉著教育的助力，社會的不良現象會被革除。但是傾向成人本位或課程本位的教育模式，學習者的主體性被忽視；不同於一般的教育觀點，二十世紀初蒙特梭利提出兒童本位的教育模式，希望透過教育讓生命趨向自由。從當前「另類教育」之觀點來看，蒙特梭利的教育思想重視學習主體與深刻反省教育歷程，雖然時空移至現今的台灣社會，仍有值得借鏡之處。本研究採取歷史研究法中的文獻分析法，藉由對蒙特梭利原典之詮釋，進行其自由思想的教育意涵的探討。 全文透過其思想淵源「實際施教的經驗」、「學術的背景」、「教育哲學的思潮」、「宗教的背景」與「個人的特質」五個面向的背景說明，探究蒙特梭利教育思想建構中的「兒童觀」與「教育藍圖」，進而從學習主體於教育歷程中發展與學習需要的角度，闡述出蒙特梭利教育理論中「選擇、發展、獨立與社會性」的自由思想之教育意涵，並從「預備適當的環境」、「提供適性的工作」、「創造社會性的生活」與「培養教師的精神」四個範疇論述蒙特梭利教師如何實踐自由教育思想，啟迪兒童智慧與潛能。 最後，在關照蒙特梭利全人發展觀下，以「人的未確定性—希望v.s.等待」、「人的自我完成性—創造v.s.陪伴」、「人的依他起性—覺醒v.s.啟迪」的人類圖像，闡述學習歷程中兒童與教師的角色，並透過教育倫理學的進路研析蒙特梭利自由思想的教育啟示。 關鍵字：蒙特梭利、自由、另類教育 === With the development of Enlightenment in Europe during the 17th century, the Europeans believed that the society would make progress and the illiteracy would be eliminated under the use of human rationality. Besides, the badness of our society would be reformed with the help of education. However, the adult-based or curriculum-based education ignored the subjectivity of learners. Montessori had a different viewpoint that the pattern of education must be children-based. She hoped that education would make life tend towards freedom. In light of the viewpoint of “alternative education” nowadays, she stresses on the learning subjectivity and the reflection of educating process. Although being in different time and space, it is still referable to us. The researcher takes literature review in historical research as the method of this study in order to have a comprehensive understanding of Montessori’s Freedom education by interpreting her masterpieces. In this article, the researcher inquires the respect towards children and the educational blueprint constructed by Montessori through the illustration of the five elements of her origin of thoughts including the experience of teaching, the background of academic training, the ideological trend of philosophy of education, the background of her religion, and her personal traits. Then, elaborate the educational meanings of Freedom including choice, development, independence, and social through the educational process. In addition, discuss how Montessori teachers practice freedom in education and inspire children’s intelligence and potential through the four categories as follow: preparation of proper environment, providing of adaptable task, creation of social life, and fostering teachers’ spirits. In the end, in light of Montessori’s holistic development, the researcher expounds the roles of children and teachers in learning process according to the human portraits of “uncertainty of human – hopes versus waiting”, “self-constructuon of human – creation versus companion”, and “independency of human – awakening versus enlightening”. And study the educational inspiration of Montessori’s Freedom education through the access of educational ethics. Key words: Montessori、freedom、alternative education