外商廣告公司在越南市場：1992-2002

• Main Authors: 謝翠荷, TA THUY HA
• Language: 中文
• Published: 國立政治大學
• Subjects: 越南廣告; 文化帝國主義; 文化價值呈現; 電視廣告; Advertising in Vietnam; Cultural Imperialism; Cultural values; TV commercial
• Online Access: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/cgi-bin/cdrfb3/gsweb.cgi?o=dstdcdr&i=sid=%22G0884520182%22.

若與其他國家相比，越南的歷史、政治、經濟等方面發展頗為特殊。越南曾經是法、美等帝國之殖民地，先後與日本、法國、美國等先進國家抗爭。脫離帝國統治之後，1976-1985年越南政府採取計劃經濟政策，全國封閉，自1986年起，越南開始進行市場化經濟改革，並配合對外開放與政治鬆綁，如今，越南變成一個充滿潛力及吸引力的新興市場。 隨著外商企業，『廣告』行業也來到越南。跨國企業除了向越南輸出商品，同時『輸出』行銷、廣告技術。西方國家文化產品席捲越南只是來自商業的企圖，還是資本主義的文化霸權？文化帝國主義形式之一？ 本研究透過蒐集，分析二手資料探討越南廣告業的發展，並對在越南跨國廣告公司的十二位負責人、二位越南本土廣告業者利用開放式的問卷進行深度訪談，以瞭解跨國廣告公司十年來如何進入，佔領越南廣告市場以及其目標企圖進一步瞭解文化帝國主義在越南之運作型態。本研究將130則電視廣告以SPSS統計軟體進行內容分析，探討越南廣告內容並瞭解文化價值呈現及西方導向趨勢。 根據命題，研究結果顯示： 目前有接近20家跨國廣告代理商在越南。80％越南廣告市場被跨國廣告公司掌控。越南廣告業剛萌芽，嚴重缺乏廣告附帶服務，所有廣告製造工作要在海外進行。大眾媒體均屬國營，內容貧乏，表面粗糙，消費者相當保守。主要的廣告商品都是國外品牌，大部分是低價錢、重複購買的消費用品。廣告策略簡單，偏向於資訊式廣告。 越南廣告市場富潛力，吸引外商進入。目前廣告在越南的確能夠起影響，改變人的態度與行為，但還不能夠損及越南的文化或成為文化主控者。 在廣告表現方面：在所有採取130則廣告中的產品，沒有屬於高涉入的產品，全部都屬於兩類產品：低涉入/理性和低涉入/感性；來自歐洲地區的產品為多，無本土產品廣告；廣告中使用外國語文的情形，強調產品是先進工業化國家的產品或採用他們之技術的現象相當不普遍； 本研究的貢獻在於，第一，深入探討越南廣告市場的發展背景及現況，提供廣告業者做為參考，降低其進入越南廣告市場的障礙。第二，本研究透過訪問越南跨國廣告公司的高級主管，並整合他們對越南廣告市場的評價及觀點，將研究成果回饋給越南廣告市場及政府作為決策時的參考。 === Abstract: Vietnam is known for its exceptional history, politics and economy. It has been colonized by America and France, and has it has been involved in wars of resistance against developed countries including France, Japan and America. After gaining its independence, the Vietnamese government adopted a closed economy from 1976 to 1985. In 1986 the Communist Party of Vietnam introduced comprehensive economic reform (the Doi moi process), which aimed to develop a socialist-oriented multi-sector market economy under state control. Since opening its door to the world, Vietnam has become a potentially attractive emerging market. With the arrival of multinational clients, advertising was introduced to Vietnam. Multinational companies bring marketing and advertising strategy to this market as well as products. Does this new advertising industry and the multinational companies it represents aim only at profit seeking, or is it also in pursuit of cultural imperialism? This paper focuses on three major objectives. First, it describes the Vietnamese advertising environment in general. Second, it documents the entrance of multinational advertising agencies to the Vietnam market. Third, it analyzes the content of Vietnamese advertising to assess the orientation of its underlying cultural values. The methodologies of in-depth interviews and analysis are used in this paper. The research finds: • Nearly 20 multinational advertising agencies in Vietnam occupy 80% of the market. • The Vietnamese advertising industry is in its primary stage, lacking suppliers. • Most advertisement production is done overseas. • The content of Vietnamese state-owned media is simple and uncreative. Vietnamese consumers are conservative. • Most advertisements are for cheap, foreign-brand consumer products. • Advertising strategies are simple, mostly based on information appeal. • The Vietnamese advertising market is potentially attractive to foreign investors. • In Vietnam advertising might affect people’s attitudes or behavior, but it still has not damaged Vietnamese culture or become “culturally dominant”. In 130 TV commercial samples, there is no high-involvement product advertising. All fall into two categories: low–involvement/rational and low- involvement/emotional. European brands appear most commonly. No local brands are featured. The use of foreign language or emphasis on the country of origin is uncommon in Vietnamese advertising. This paper introduces foreign advertising agencies to the Vietnam advertising environment so that they can avoid potential obstacles when entering the local market. In addition, through in-depth interviews with high-ranking managers of multinational advertising agencies, this paper offers reference material for Vietnamese advertisers and government officials responsible for strategic decisions.