| Summary: | <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Family systems shape social institutions, yet they are rarely considered in histories of economic development. In this article, we show that a suite of social conventions-such as age gaps at marriage, bride price, sequestration, and discrimination and violence against women-are overrepresented in polygamous societies as compared to monogamous societies. This dichotomy can be explained on the grounds that polygamy produces a chronic scarcity of marriageable females. We argue that this suite, which we call gamos and which we quantify by two different methods, has demonstrably significant consequences for social, institutional, and economic development.</jats:p>
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