<sup>1</sup>H-NMR Determination of Organic Compounds in Municipal Wastewaters and the Receiving Surface Waters in Eastern Cape Province of South Africa

Surface water is the recipient of pollutants from various sources, including improperly treated wastewater. Comprehensive knowledge of the composition of water is necessary to make it reusable in water-scarce environments. In this work, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (<sup>1</sup>H-NM...

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Main Authors:	Adebayo I. Farounbi, Paul K. Mensah, Emmanuel O. Olawode, Nosiphiwe P. Ngqwala
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	MDPI AG 2020-02-01
Series:	Molecules
Subjects:	freshwater wastewater metabolites spectroscopy nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts
Online Access:	https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/3/713

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spelling	doaj-fd04a6a5097845bea86b84ccec7aea802020-11-25T03:32:00ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492020-02-0125371310.3390/molecules25030713molecules25030713<sup>1</sup>H-NMR Determination of Organic Compounds in Municipal Wastewaters and the Receiving Surface Waters in Eastern Cape Province of South AfricaAdebayo I. Farounbi0Paul K. Mensah1Emmanuel O. Olawode2Nosiphiwe P. Ngqwala3Environmental Health and Biotechnology Research Group, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 94, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South AfricaInstitute for Water Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South AfricaEnvironmental Health and Biotechnology Research Group, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 94, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South AfricaEnvironmental Health and Biotechnology Research Group, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 94, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South AfricaSurface water is the recipient of pollutants from various sources, including improperly treated wastewater. Comprehensive knowledge of the composition of water is necessary to make it reusable in water-scarce environments. In this work, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (<sup>1</sup>H-NMR) was combined with multivariate analysis to study the metabolites in four rivers and four wastewater treatment plants releasing treated effluents into the rivers. <sup>1</sup>H-NMR chemical shifts of the extracts in CDCl were acquired with Bruker 400. Chemical shifts of <sup>1</sup>H-NMR in chlorinated alkanes, amino compounds and fluorinated hydrocarbons were common to samples of wastewater and lower reaches or the rivers. <sup>1</sup>H-NMR chemical shifts of carbonyl compounds and alkyl phosphates were restricted to wastewater samples. Chemical shifts of phenolic compounds were associated with treated effluent samples. This study showed that the sources of these metabolites in the rivers were not only from improperly treated effluents but also from runoffs. Multivariate analyses showed that some of the freshwater samples were not of better quality than wastewater and treated effluents. Observations show the need for constant monitoring of rivers and effluent for the safety of the aquatic environment.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/3/713freshwaterwastewatermetabolitesspectroscopynuclear magnetic resonancechemical shifts
collection	DOAJ
language	English
format	Article
sources	DOAJ
author	Adebayo I. Farounbi Paul K. Mensah Emmanuel O. Olawode Nosiphiwe P. Ngqwala
spellingShingle	Adebayo I. Farounbi Paul K. Mensah Emmanuel O. Olawode Nosiphiwe P. Ngqwala <sup>1</sup>H-NMR Determination of Organic Compounds in Municipal Wastewaters and the Receiving Surface Waters in Eastern Cape Province of South Africa Molecules freshwater wastewater metabolites spectroscopy nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts
author_facet	Adebayo I. Farounbi Paul K. Mensah Emmanuel O. Olawode Nosiphiwe P. Ngqwala
author_sort	Adebayo I. Farounbi
title	<sup>1</sup>H-NMR Determination of Organic Compounds in Municipal Wastewaters and the Receiving Surface Waters in Eastern Cape Province of South Africa
title_short	<sup>1</sup>H-NMR Determination of Organic Compounds in Municipal Wastewaters and the Receiving Surface Waters in Eastern Cape Province of South Africa
title_full	<sup>1</sup>H-NMR Determination of Organic Compounds in Municipal Wastewaters and the Receiving Surface Waters in Eastern Cape Province of South Africa
title_fullStr	<sup>1</sup>H-NMR Determination of Organic Compounds in Municipal Wastewaters and the Receiving Surface Waters in Eastern Cape Province of South Africa
title_full_unstemmed	<sup>1</sup>H-NMR Determination of Organic Compounds in Municipal Wastewaters and the Receiving Surface Waters in Eastern Cape Province of South Africa
title_sort	<sup>1</sup>h-nmr determination of organic compounds in municipal wastewaters and the receiving surface waters in eastern cape province of south africa
publisher	MDPI AG
series	Molecules
issn	1420-3049
publishDate	2020-02-01
description	Surface water is the recipient of pollutants from various sources, including improperly treated wastewater. Comprehensive knowledge of the composition of water is necessary to make it reusable in water-scarce environments. In this work, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (<sup>1</sup>H-NMR) was combined with multivariate analysis to study the metabolites in four rivers and four wastewater treatment plants releasing treated effluents into the rivers. <sup>1</sup>H-NMR chemical shifts of the extracts in CDCl were acquired with Bruker 400. Chemical shifts of <sup>1</sup>H-NMR in chlorinated alkanes, amino compounds and fluorinated hydrocarbons were common to samples of wastewater and lower reaches or the rivers. <sup>1</sup>H-NMR chemical shifts of carbonyl compounds and alkyl phosphates were restricted to wastewater samples. Chemical shifts of phenolic compounds were associated with treated effluent samples. This study showed that the sources of these metabolites in the rivers were not only from improperly treated effluents but also from runoffs. Multivariate analyses showed that some of the freshwater samples were not of better quality than wastewater and treated effluents. Observations show the need for constant monitoring of rivers and effluent for the safety of the aquatic environment.
topic	freshwater wastewater metabolites spectroscopy nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts
url	https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/3/713
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<sup>1</sup>H-NMR Determination of Organic Compounds in Municipal Wastewaters and the Receiving Surface Waters in Eastern Cape Province of South Africa

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