| Summary: | Circadian rhythms are endogenous 24-h oscillations that influence a multitude of physiological processes. The pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), lipopolysaccharide, has been shown to modify the circadian molecular clock. The aim of this study was to determine if other PAMPs alter clock gene expression. Therefore, mRNA levels of clock genes (Per2, Bmal1, Rev-erbα, and Dbp) were measured after an ex vivo challenge with several PAMPs and to further test the relevance of PAMP alteration of the molecular clock, an in vivo poly(I:C) challenge was performed. This study revealed that several other PAMPs are also capable of altering clock gene expression.
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