| Summary: | Yanhai Xi,1,* Tingwang Jiang,2,* Birendra Chaurasiya,3 Yanyan Zhou,1 Jiangmin Yu,1 Jiankun Wen,1 Yan Shen,3 Xiaojian Ye,1 Thomas J Webster4 1Department of Spine Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Institution of Laboratory Medicine of Changshu, Changshu, Jiangsu 215500, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Research Development and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients and Generic Drugs, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Xiaojian YeDepartment of Spine Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Shanghai, MA 200003, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 1 381 734 6934Email xjyespine@smmu.edu.cnThomas J WebsterDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USATel +1 617 373 6585Email th.webster@neu.eduAbstract: Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a complex disease characterized by inflammation and ankylosis primarily at the cartilage–bone interface. The disease is more common in young males and risk factors include both genetic and environmental. While the pathogenesis of AS is not completely understood, it is thought to be an immune-mediated disease involving inflammatory cellular infiltrates, and human leukocyte antigen-B27. Currently, there is no specific diagnostic technique available for this disease; therefore conventional diagnostic approaches such as clinical symptoms, laboratory tests and imaging techniques are used. There are various review papers that have been published on conventional treatment approaches, and in this review work, we focus on the more promising nanomedicine-based treatment modalities to move this field forward.Keywords: ankylosing spondylitis, pathogenesis, genetic factors, environmental factors, treatment approaches
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