IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA IN CHILDREN RESIDING IN HIGH AND LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES: RISK FACTORS, PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY

Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) affect approximately two billion people worldwide and most of them reside in low- and middle-income countries. In these countries, additional causes of anemia include parasitic infections like malaria, other nutritional deficiencies, chronic diseases...

Full description

Bibliographic Details
Main Author: ELPIS MANTADAKIS
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: PAGEPress Publications 2020-06-01
Series:Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases
Subjects:
Online Access:http://mjhid.org/index.php/mjhid/article/view/4236
id doaj-f6e71a7122e740b49e6142e1143521a6
record_format Article
spelling doaj-f6e71a7122e740b49e6142e1143521a62020-11-25T03:34:53ZengPAGEPress PublicationsMediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases2035-30062020-06-0112110.4084/mjhid.2020.041IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA IN CHILDREN RESIDING IN HIGH AND LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES: RISK FACTORS, PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPYELPIS MANTADAKIS0Democritus University of Thrace Faculty of Medicine Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) affect approximately two billion people worldwide and most of them reside in low- and middle-income countries. In these countries, additional causes of anemia include parasitic infections like malaria, other nutritional deficiencies, chronic diseases, hemoglobinopathies and lead poisoning. Maternal anemia in resource-poor nations is associated with low birth weight, increased perinatal mortality and decreased work productivity. Maintaining a normal iron balance in these settings is challenging, as iron-rich foods with good bioavailability are of animal origin that are expensive and/or available in short supply. Apart from infrequent consumption of meat, inadequate vitamin C intake and diets rich in inhibitors of iron absorption are additional important risk factors for IDA in low-income countries. In-home iron fortification of complementary foods with micronutrient powders has been shown to effectively reduce the risk of iron deficiency and IDA in infants and young children in developing countries but is associated with unfavorable changes in gut flora and induction of intestinal inflammation that may lead to diarrhea and hospitalization. In developed countries, iron deficiency is the only frequent micronutrient deficiency. In the industrialized world, IDA is more common in infants beyond the sixth month of life, in adolescent females with heavy menstrual bleeding, in women of childbearing age and elderly people. Other special at-risk populations for IDA in developed countries are regular blood donors, endurance athletes and vegetarians. Several medicinal ferrous or ferric oral iron products exist, and their use is not apparently associated with harmful effects on the overall incidence of infectious illnesses in sideropenic and/or anemic subjects. Further research is needed to clarify the risks and benefits of supplemental iron for children exposed to parasitic infections in the third world, and for children genetically predisposed to iron overload. http://mjhid.org/index.php/mjhid/article/view/4236Low income countriesDeveloped countriesPreventionTherapyIron deficiencyIron deficiency anemia
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author ELPIS MANTADAKIS
spellingShingle ELPIS MANTADAKIS
IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA IN CHILDREN RESIDING IN HIGH AND LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES: RISK FACTORS, PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY
Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases
Low income countries
Developed countries
Prevention
Therapy
Iron deficiency
Iron deficiency anemia
author_facet ELPIS MANTADAKIS
author_sort ELPIS MANTADAKIS
title IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA IN CHILDREN RESIDING IN HIGH AND LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES: RISK FACTORS, PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY
title_short IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA IN CHILDREN RESIDING IN HIGH AND LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES: RISK FACTORS, PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY
title_full IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA IN CHILDREN RESIDING IN HIGH AND LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES: RISK FACTORS, PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY
title_fullStr IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA IN CHILDREN RESIDING IN HIGH AND LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES: RISK FACTORS, PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY
title_full_unstemmed IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA IN CHILDREN RESIDING IN HIGH AND LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES: RISK FACTORS, PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY
title_sort iron deficiency anemia in children residing in high and low-income countries: risk factors, prevention, diagnosis and therapy
publisher PAGEPress Publications
series Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases
issn 2035-3006
publishDate 2020-06-01
description Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) affect approximately two billion people worldwide and most of them reside in low- and middle-income countries. In these countries, additional causes of anemia include parasitic infections like malaria, other nutritional deficiencies, chronic diseases, hemoglobinopathies and lead poisoning. Maternal anemia in resource-poor nations is associated with low birth weight, increased perinatal mortality and decreased work productivity. Maintaining a normal iron balance in these settings is challenging, as iron-rich foods with good bioavailability are of animal origin that are expensive and/or available in short supply. Apart from infrequent consumption of meat, inadequate vitamin C intake and diets rich in inhibitors of iron absorption are additional important risk factors for IDA in low-income countries. In-home iron fortification of complementary foods with micronutrient powders has been shown to effectively reduce the risk of iron deficiency and IDA in infants and young children in developing countries but is associated with unfavorable changes in gut flora and induction of intestinal inflammation that may lead to diarrhea and hospitalization. In developed countries, iron deficiency is the only frequent micronutrient deficiency. In the industrialized world, IDA is more common in infants beyond the sixth month of life, in adolescent females with heavy menstrual bleeding, in women of childbearing age and elderly people. Other special at-risk populations for IDA in developed countries are regular blood donors, endurance athletes and vegetarians. Several medicinal ferrous or ferric oral iron products exist, and their use is not apparently associated with harmful effects on the overall incidence of infectious illnesses in sideropenic and/or anemic subjects. Further research is needed to clarify the risks and benefits of supplemental iron for children exposed to parasitic infections in the third world, and for children genetically predisposed to iron overload.
topic Low income countries
Developed countries
Prevention
Therapy
Iron deficiency
Iron deficiency anemia
url http://mjhid.org/index.php/mjhid/article/view/4236
work_keys_str_mv AT elpismantadakis irondeficiencyanemiainchildrenresidinginhighandlowincomecountriesriskfactorspreventiondiagnosisandtherapy
_version_ 1724556852807598080