The ER Stress Inducer <span style="font-variant: small-caps">l</span>-Azetidine-2-Carboxylic Acid Elevates the Levels of Phospho-eIF2α and of LC3-II in a Ca²⁺-Dependent Manner

• Main Authors: Gemma Roest, Evelien Hesemans, Kirsten Welkenhuyzen, Tomas Luyten, Nikolai Engedal, Geert Bultynck, Jan B. Parys
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI AG 2018-11-01
• Series: Cells
• Subjects: autophagy; ER stress; UPR; PERK; Ca²⁺; <span style="font-variant: small-caps">l</span>-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid
• Online Access: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/7/12/239
• ISSN: 2073-4409

Accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) to reduce protein load and restore homeostasis, including via induction of autophagy. We used the proline analogue <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (AZC) to induce ER stress, and assessed its effect on autophagy and Ca²⁺ homeostasis. Treatment with 5 mM AZC did not induce poly adenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage while levels of binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) and phosphorylated eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2&#945; (eIF2&#945;) increased and those of activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) decreased, indicating activation of the protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK) and the ATF6 arms of the UPR but not of apoptosis. AZC treatment in combination with bafilomycin A1 (Baf A1) led to elevated levels of the lipidated form of the autophagy marker microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3), pointing to activation of autophagy. Using the specific PERK inhibitor AMG PERK 44, we could deduce that activation of the PERK branch is required for the AZC-induced lipidation of LC3. Moreover, both the levels of phospho-eIF2&#945; and of lipidated LC3 were strongly reduced when cells were co-treated with the intracellular Ca²⁺ chelator 1,2-bis(<i>O</i>-aminophenoxy)ethane-<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>,<i>N&#8242;</i>,<i>N&#8242;</i>-tetraaceticacid tetra(acetoxy-methyl) ester (BAPTA-AM) but not when co-treated with the Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase inhibitor ouabain, suggesting an essential role of Ca²⁺ in AZC-induced activation of the PERK arm of the UPR and LC3 lipidation. Finally, AZC did not trigger Ca²⁺ release from the ER though appeared to decrease the cytosolic Ca²⁺ rise induced by thapsigargin while also decreasing the time constant for Ca²⁺ clearance. The ER Ca²⁺ store content and mitochondrial Ca²⁺ uptake however remained unaffected.