Affective and Stress Consequences of Cyberbullying

• Main Authors: Ashraf Alhujailli, Waldemar Karwowski, Thomas T.H. Wan, Peter Hancock
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI AG 2020-09-01
• Series: Symmetry
• Subjects: cyberbullying; emotions; bullying; social ostracism; stress; social exclusions
• Online Access: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/9/1536

The primary objective of this study was to investigate the effects of cyberbullying through social exclusion and verbal harassment on emotional, stress, and coping responses. Twenty-nine undergraduate students (16 females aged 18.25 ± 0.58 years and 13 males aged 18.46 ± 1.13 years) volunteered for the study. All volunteers participated in two experiments that stimulated cyberbullying through social exclusion or verbal harassment. In the first experiment, the effects of cyberbullying through social exclusion were investigated using a virtual ball-tossing game known as Cyberball. In the second experiment, the influence of cyberbullying through verbal harassment was tested using a hypothetical scenario together with reading of online comments. Emotional, stress, and coping responses were measured via the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scale, the Dundee Stress State Questionnaire, and the Coping Inventory for Task Stress, respectively. The results demonstrated that social exclusion and verbal harassment induced a negative emotional state. We also found that verbal harassment through the use of impolite language increased engagement, and increased worry compared with social exclusion effects.