Cancer Immunotherapy: A Focus on the Regulation of Immune Checkpoints
In recent years, the role of cancer immunotherapy has become increasingly important compared to traditional cancer treatments, including surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Of note, the clinical successes of immune checkpoint blockade, such as PD-1 and CTLA-4, represent a landmark event in cance...
Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
---|---|
Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Published: |
MDPI AG
2018-05-01
|
Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/5/1389 |
id |
doaj-ef827ec76e6147ca9aa8f5294b542b84 |
---|---|
record_format |
Article |
spelling |
doaj-ef827ec76e6147ca9aa8f5294b542b842020-11-25T00:15:13ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1422-00672018-05-01195138910.3390/ijms19051389ijms19051389Cancer Immunotherapy: A Focus on the Regulation of Immune CheckpointsTao Shi0Yanyu Ma1Lingfeng Yu2Jiaxuan Jiang3Sunan Shen4Yayi Hou5Tingting Wang6The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, ChinaThe State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, ChinaThe State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, ChinaThe State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, ChinaThe State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, ChinaThe State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, ChinaThe State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, ChinaIn recent years, the role of cancer immunotherapy has become increasingly important compared to traditional cancer treatments, including surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Of note, the clinical successes of immune checkpoint blockade, such as PD-1 and CTLA-4, represent a landmark event in cancer immunotherapy development. Therefore, further exploration of how immune checkpoints are regulated in the tumor microenvironment will provide key insights into checkpoint blockade therapy. In this review, we discuss in details about the regulation of immune checkpoints mediated by immune cells, oncolytic viruses, epigenetics, and gut microbiota and mutual regulation by co-expressed checkpoints. Finally, predictions are made for future personalized cancer immunotherapy based on different checkpoint modulations.http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/5/1389immune checkpoint regulationpersonalized cancer immunotherapygut microbiotaoncolytic virusestumor microenvironment |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Tao Shi Yanyu Ma Lingfeng Yu Jiaxuan Jiang Sunan Shen Yayi Hou Tingting Wang |
spellingShingle |
Tao Shi Yanyu Ma Lingfeng Yu Jiaxuan Jiang Sunan Shen Yayi Hou Tingting Wang Cancer Immunotherapy: A Focus on the Regulation of Immune Checkpoints International Journal of Molecular Sciences immune checkpoint regulation personalized cancer immunotherapy gut microbiota oncolytic viruses tumor microenvironment |
author_facet |
Tao Shi Yanyu Ma Lingfeng Yu Jiaxuan Jiang Sunan Shen Yayi Hou Tingting Wang |
author_sort |
Tao Shi |
title |
Cancer Immunotherapy: A Focus on the Regulation of Immune Checkpoints |
title_short |
Cancer Immunotherapy: A Focus on the Regulation of Immune Checkpoints |
title_full |
Cancer Immunotherapy: A Focus on the Regulation of Immune Checkpoints |
title_fullStr |
Cancer Immunotherapy: A Focus on the Regulation of Immune Checkpoints |
title_full_unstemmed |
Cancer Immunotherapy: A Focus on the Regulation of Immune Checkpoints |
title_sort |
cancer immunotherapy: a focus on the regulation of immune checkpoints |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
issn |
1422-0067 |
publishDate |
2018-05-01 |
description |
In recent years, the role of cancer immunotherapy has become increasingly important compared to traditional cancer treatments, including surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Of note, the clinical successes of immune checkpoint blockade, such as PD-1 and CTLA-4, represent a landmark event in cancer immunotherapy development. Therefore, further exploration of how immune checkpoints are regulated in the tumor microenvironment will provide key insights into checkpoint blockade therapy. In this review, we discuss in details about the regulation of immune checkpoints mediated by immune cells, oncolytic viruses, epigenetics, and gut microbiota and mutual regulation by co-expressed checkpoints. Finally, predictions are made for future personalized cancer immunotherapy based on different checkpoint modulations. |
topic |
immune checkpoint regulation personalized cancer immunotherapy gut microbiota oncolytic viruses tumor microenvironment |
url |
http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/5/1389 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT taoshi cancerimmunotherapyafocusontheregulationofimmunecheckpoints AT yanyuma cancerimmunotherapyafocusontheregulationofimmunecheckpoints AT lingfengyu cancerimmunotherapyafocusontheregulationofimmunecheckpoints AT jiaxuanjiang cancerimmunotherapyafocusontheregulationofimmunecheckpoints AT sunanshen cancerimmunotherapyafocusontheregulationofimmunecheckpoints AT yayihou cancerimmunotherapyafocusontheregulationofimmunecheckpoints AT tingtingwang cancerimmunotherapyafocusontheregulationofimmunecheckpoints |
_version_ |
1725387999593627648 |