Cancer Immunotherapy: A Focus on the Regulation of Immune Checkpoints

In recent years, the role of cancer immunotherapy has become increasingly important compared to traditional cancer treatments, including surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Of note, the clinical successes of immune checkpoint blockade, such as PD-1 and CTLA-4, represent a landmark event in cance...

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Main Authors: Tao Shi, Yanyu Ma, Lingfeng Yu, Jiaxuan Jiang, Sunan Shen, Yayi Hou, Tingting Wang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2018-05-01
Series:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Subjects:
Online Access:http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/5/1389
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spelling doaj-ef827ec76e6147ca9aa8f5294b542b842020-11-25T00:15:13ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1422-00672018-05-01195138910.3390/ijms19051389ijms19051389Cancer Immunotherapy: A Focus on the Regulation of Immune CheckpointsTao Shi0Yanyu Ma1Lingfeng Yu2Jiaxuan Jiang3Sunan Shen4Yayi Hou5Tingting Wang6The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, ChinaThe State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, ChinaThe State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, ChinaThe State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, ChinaThe State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, ChinaThe State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, ChinaThe State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, ChinaIn recent years, the role of cancer immunotherapy has become increasingly important compared to traditional cancer treatments, including surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Of note, the clinical successes of immune checkpoint blockade, such as PD-1 and CTLA-4, represent a landmark event in cancer immunotherapy development. Therefore, further exploration of how immune checkpoints are regulated in the tumor microenvironment will provide key insights into checkpoint blockade therapy. In this review, we discuss in details about the regulation of immune checkpoints mediated by immune cells, oncolytic viruses, epigenetics, and gut microbiota and mutual regulation by co-expressed checkpoints. Finally, predictions are made for future personalized cancer immunotherapy based on different checkpoint modulations.http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/5/1389immune checkpoint regulationpersonalized cancer immunotherapygut microbiotaoncolytic virusestumor microenvironment
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author Tao Shi
Yanyu Ma
Lingfeng Yu
Jiaxuan Jiang
Sunan Shen
Yayi Hou
Tingting Wang
spellingShingle Tao Shi
Yanyu Ma
Lingfeng Yu
Jiaxuan Jiang
Sunan Shen
Yayi Hou
Tingting Wang
Cancer Immunotherapy: A Focus on the Regulation of Immune Checkpoints
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
immune checkpoint regulation
personalized cancer immunotherapy
gut microbiota
oncolytic viruses
tumor microenvironment
author_facet Tao Shi
Yanyu Ma
Lingfeng Yu
Jiaxuan Jiang
Sunan Shen
Yayi Hou
Tingting Wang
author_sort Tao Shi
title Cancer Immunotherapy: A Focus on the Regulation of Immune Checkpoints
title_short Cancer Immunotherapy: A Focus on the Regulation of Immune Checkpoints
title_full Cancer Immunotherapy: A Focus on the Regulation of Immune Checkpoints
title_fullStr Cancer Immunotherapy: A Focus on the Regulation of Immune Checkpoints
title_full_unstemmed Cancer Immunotherapy: A Focus on the Regulation of Immune Checkpoints
title_sort cancer immunotherapy: a focus on the regulation of immune checkpoints
publisher MDPI AG
series International Journal of Molecular Sciences
issn 1422-0067
publishDate 2018-05-01
description In recent years, the role of cancer immunotherapy has become increasingly important compared to traditional cancer treatments, including surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Of note, the clinical successes of immune checkpoint blockade, such as PD-1 and CTLA-4, represent a landmark event in cancer immunotherapy development. Therefore, further exploration of how immune checkpoints are regulated in the tumor microenvironment will provide key insights into checkpoint blockade therapy. In this review, we discuss in details about the regulation of immune checkpoints mediated by immune cells, oncolytic viruses, epigenetics, and gut microbiota and mutual regulation by co-expressed checkpoints. Finally, predictions are made for future personalized cancer immunotherapy based on different checkpoint modulations.
topic immune checkpoint regulation
personalized cancer immunotherapy
gut microbiota
oncolytic viruses
tumor microenvironment
url http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/5/1389
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AT lingfengyu cancerimmunotherapyafocusontheregulationofimmunecheckpoints
AT jiaxuanjiang cancerimmunotherapyafocusontheregulationofimmunecheckpoints
AT sunanshen cancerimmunotherapyafocusontheregulationofimmunecheckpoints
AT yayihou cancerimmunotherapyafocusontheregulationofimmunecheckpoints
AT tingtingwang cancerimmunotherapyafocusontheregulationofimmunecheckpoints
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