The Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with <i>Calophyllum inophyllum</i>—Palm Biodiesel

Nowadays, increased interest among the scientific community to explore the <i>Calophyllum inophyllum</i> as alternative fuels for diesel engines is observed. This research is about using mixed <i>Calophyllum inophyllum</i>-palm oil biodiesel production and evaluation that bio...

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Main Authors: Natalina Damanik, Hwai Chyuan Ong, M. Mofijur, Chong Wen Tong, Arridina Susan Silitonga, Abd Halim Shamsuddin, Abdi Hanra Sebayang, Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia, Chin-Tsan Wang, Jer-Huan Jang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2019-09-01
Series:Processes
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/7/9/597
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spelling doaj-e92bff0e2d5a4e07882f553be24d536a2020-11-25T01:20:33ZengMDPI AGProcesses2227-97172019-09-017959710.3390/pr7090597pr7090597The Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with <i>Calophyllum inophyllum</i>—Palm BiodieselNatalina Damanik0Hwai Chyuan Ong1M. Mofijur2Chong Wen Tong3Arridina Susan Silitonga4Abd Halim Shamsuddin5Abdi Hanra Sebayang6Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia7Chin-Tsan Wang8Jer-Huan Jang9Perusahaan Listrik Negara, The Indonesia State Electricity Company, Jakarta 12160, IndonesiaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, MalaysiaSchool of Information, Systems and Modelling, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, AustraliaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, MalaysiaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Medan, Medan 20155, IndonesiaInstitute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Medan, Medan 20155, IndonesiaSchool of Information, Systems and Modelling, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, AustraliaDepartment of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering, National Ilan University, Yilan 260, TaiwanDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243, TaiwanNowadays, increased interest among the scientific community to explore the <i>Calophyllum inophyllum</i> as alternative fuels for diesel engines is observed. This research is about using mixed <i>Calophyllum inophyllum</i>-palm oil biodiesel production and evaluation that biodiesel in a diesel engine. The <i>Calophyllum inophyllum</i>&#8722;palm oil methyl ester (CPME) is processed using the following procedure: (1) the crude <i>Calophyllum inophyllum</i> and palm oils are mixed at the same ratio of 50:50 volume %, (2) degumming, (3) acid-catalysed esterification, (4) purification, and (5) alkaline-catalysed transesterification. The results are indeed encouraging which satisfy the international standards, CPME shows the high heating value (37.9 MJ/kg) but lower kinematic viscosity (4.50 mm<sup>2</sup>/s) due to change the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) composition compared to <i>Calophyllum inophyllum</i> methyl ester (CIME). The average results show that the blended fuels have higher Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions, lower Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), along with CO and HC emissions than diesel fuel over the entire range of speeds. Among the blends, CPME5 offered better performance compared to other fuels. It can be recommended that the CPME blend has great potential as an alternative fuel because of its excellent characteristics, better performance, and less harmful emission than CIME blends.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/7/9/597<i>Calophyllum inophyllum</i> biodieselpalm biodieselengine performanceexhaust emissionsalternative fueltransesterification
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author Natalina Damanik
Hwai Chyuan Ong
M. Mofijur
Chong Wen Tong
Arridina Susan Silitonga
Abd Halim Shamsuddin
Abdi Hanra Sebayang
Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia
Chin-Tsan Wang
Jer-Huan Jang
spellingShingle Natalina Damanik
Hwai Chyuan Ong
M. Mofijur
Chong Wen Tong
Arridina Susan Silitonga
Abd Halim Shamsuddin
Abdi Hanra Sebayang
Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia
Chin-Tsan Wang
Jer-Huan Jang
The Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with <i>Calophyllum inophyllum</i>—Palm Biodiesel
Processes
<i>Calophyllum inophyllum</i> biodiesel
palm biodiesel
engine performance
exhaust emissions
alternative fuel
transesterification
author_facet Natalina Damanik
Hwai Chyuan Ong
M. Mofijur
Chong Wen Tong
Arridina Susan Silitonga
Abd Halim Shamsuddin
Abdi Hanra Sebayang
Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia
Chin-Tsan Wang
Jer-Huan Jang
author_sort Natalina Damanik
title The Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with <i>Calophyllum inophyllum</i>—Palm Biodiesel
title_short The Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with <i>Calophyllum inophyllum</i>—Palm Biodiesel
title_full The Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with <i>Calophyllum inophyllum</i>—Palm Biodiesel
title_fullStr The Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with <i>Calophyllum inophyllum</i>—Palm Biodiesel
title_full_unstemmed The Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with <i>Calophyllum inophyllum</i>—Palm Biodiesel
title_sort performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine fuelled with <i>calophyllum inophyllum</i>—palm biodiesel
publisher MDPI AG
series Processes
issn 2227-9717
publishDate 2019-09-01
description Nowadays, increased interest among the scientific community to explore the <i>Calophyllum inophyllum</i> as alternative fuels for diesel engines is observed. This research is about using mixed <i>Calophyllum inophyllum</i>-palm oil biodiesel production and evaluation that biodiesel in a diesel engine. The <i>Calophyllum inophyllum</i>&#8722;palm oil methyl ester (CPME) is processed using the following procedure: (1) the crude <i>Calophyllum inophyllum</i> and palm oils are mixed at the same ratio of 50:50 volume %, (2) degumming, (3) acid-catalysed esterification, (4) purification, and (5) alkaline-catalysed transesterification. The results are indeed encouraging which satisfy the international standards, CPME shows the high heating value (37.9 MJ/kg) but lower kinematic viscosity (4.50 mm<sup>2</sup>/s) due to change the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) composition compared to <i>Calophyllum inophyllum</i> methyl ester (CIME). The average results show that the blended fuels have higher Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions, lower Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), along with CO and HC emissions than diesel fuel over the entire range of speeds. Among the blends, CPME5 offered better performance compared to other fuels. It can be recommended that the CPME blend has great potential as an alternative fuel because of its excellent characteristics, better performance, and less harmful emission than CIME blends.
topic <i>Calophyllum inophyllum</i> biodiesel
palm biodiesel
engine performance
exhaust emissions
alternative fuel
transesterification
url https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/7/9/597
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