The Gut and Parkinson's Disease—A Bidirectional Pathway

Humans evolved a symbiotic relationship with their gut microbiome, a complex microbial community composed of bacteria, archaea, protists, and viruses, including bacteriophages. The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a gateway for the bidirectional communication between the brain and the gut, mostly thr...

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Main Authors: Susanne Fonseca Santos, Hadassa Loth de Oliveira, Elizabeth Sumi Yamada, Bianca Cruz Neves, Antonio Pereira
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2019-06-01
Series:Frontiers in Neurology
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fneur.2019.00574/full
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spelling doaj-e7490068e14749ce92ad476ff79ef1502020-11-25T00:32:07ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Neurology1664-22952019-06-011010.3389/fneur.2019.00574450387The Gut and Parkinson's Disease—A Bidirectional PathwaySusanne Fonseca Santos0Hadassa Loth de Oliveira1Elizabeth Sumi Yamada2Bianca Cruz Neves3Antonio Pereira4Antonio Pereira5Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pará, Belém, BrazilDepartment of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilGraduate Program in Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pará, Belém, BrazilDepartment of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilGraduate Program in Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pará, Belém, BrazilDepartment of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Federal University of Pará, Belém, BrazilHumans evolved a symbiotic relationship with their gut microbiome, a complex microbial community composed of bacteria, archaea, protists, and viruses, including bacteriophages. The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a gateway for the bidirectional communication between the brain and the gut, mostly through the vagus nerve (VN). Environmental exposure plays a pivotal role in both the composition and functionality of the gut microbiome and may contribute to susceptibility to neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). The neuropathological hallmark of PD is the widespread appearance of alpha-synuclein aggregates in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, including the ENS. Many studies suggest that gut toxins can induce the formation of α-syn aggregates in the ENS, which may then be transmitted in a prion-like manner to the CNS through the VN. PD is strongly associated with aging and its negative effects on homeostatic mechanisms protecting from inflammation, oxidative stress, and protein malfunction. In this mini-review, we revisit some landmark discoveries in the field of Parkinson's research and focus on the gut-brain axis. In the process, we highlight evidence showing gut-associated dysbiosis and related microbial-derived components as important players and risk factors for PD. Therefore, the gut microbiome emerges as a potential target for protective measures aiming to prevent PD onset.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fneur.2019.00574/fullParkinson's diseaseenteric nervous systemmicrobiomeneurotoxicantsprobiotics
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author Susanne Fonseca Santos
Hadassa Loth de Oliveira
Elizabeth Sumi Yamada
Bianca Cruz Neves
Antonio Pereira
Antonio Pereira
spellingShingle Susanne Fonseca Santos
Hadassa Loth de Oliveira
Elizabeth Sumi Yamada
Bianca Cruz Neves
Antonio Pereira
Antonio Pereira
The Gut and Parkinson's Disease—A Bidirectional Pathway
Frontiers in Neurology
Parkinson's disease
enteric nervous system
microbiome
neurotoxicants
probiotics
author_facet Susanne Fonseca Santos
Hadassa Loth de Oliveira
Elizabeth Sumi Yamada
Bianca Cruz Neves
Antonio Pereira
Antonio Pereira
author_sort Susanne Fonseca Santos
title The Gut and Parkinson's Disease—A Bidirectional Pathway
title_short The Gut and Parkinson's Disease—A Bidirectional Pathway
title_full The Gut and Parkinson's Disease—A Bidirectional Pathway
title_fullStr The Gut and Parkinson's Disease—A Bidirectional Pathway
title_full_unstemmed The Gut and Parkinson's Disease—A Bidirectional Pathway
title_sort gut and parkinson's disease—a bidirectional pathway
publisher Frontiers Media S.A.
series Frontiers in Neurology
issn 1664-2295
publishDate 2019-06-01
description Humans evolved a symbiotic relationship with their gut microbiome, a complex microbial community composed of bacteria, archaea, protists, and viruses, including bacteriophages. The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a gateway for the bidirectional communication between the brain and the gut, mostly through the vagus nerve (VN). Environmental exposure plays a pivotal role in both the composition and functionality of the gut microbiome and may contribute to susceptibility to neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). The neuropathological hallmark of PD is the widespread appearance of alpha-synuclein aggregates in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, including the ENS. Many studies suggest that gut toxins can induce the formation of α-syn aggregates in the ENS, which may then be transmitted in a prion-like manner to the CNS through the VN. PD is strongly associated with aging and its negative effects on homeostatic mechanisms protecting from inflammation, oxidative stress, and protein malfunction. In this mini-review, we revisit some landmark discoveries in the field of Parkinson's research and focus on the gut-brain axis. In the process, we highlight evidence showing gut-associated dysbiosis and related microbial-derived components as important players and risk factors for PD. Therefore, the gut microbiome emerges as a potential target for protective measures aiming to prevent PD onset.
topic Parkinson's disease
enteric nervous system
microbiome
neurotoxicants
probiotics
url https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fneur.2019.00574/full
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