| Summary: | Cheng Loong Ngan,1 Mahiran Basri,1,2 Fui Fang Lye,1 Hamid Reza Fard Masoumi,1 Minaketan Tripathy,3,4 Roghayeh Abedi Karjiban,1 Emilia Abdul-Malek1 1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, 2Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia; 3Laboratory of Fundamentals of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Puncak Alam Campus, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia; 4Brain and Neuroscience Communities of Research, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia Abstract: This research aims to formulate and to optimize a nanoemulsion-based formulation containing fullerene, an antioxidant, stabilized by a low amount of mixed surfactants using high shear and the ultrasonic emulsification method for transdermal delivery. Process parameters optimization of fullerene nanoemulsions was done by employing response surface methodology, which involved statistical multivariate analysis. Optimization of independent variables was investigated using experimental design based on Box–Behnken design and central composite rotatable design. An investigation on the effect of the homogenization rate (4,000–5,000 rpm), sonication amplitude (20%–60%), and sonication time (30–150 seconds) on the particle size, ζ-potential, and viscosity of the colloidal systems was conducted. Under the optimum conditions, the central composite rotatable design model suggested the response variables for particle size, ζ-potential, and viscosity of the fullerene nanoemulsion were 152.5 nm, –52.6 mV, and 44.6 pascal seconds, respectively. In contrast, the Box–Behnken design model proposed that preparation under the optimum condition would produce nanoemulsion with particle size, ζ-potential, and viscosity of 148.5 nm, –55.2 mV, and 39.9 pascal seconds, respectively. The suggested process parameters to obtain optimum formulation by both models yielded actual response values similar to the predicted values with residual standard error of <2%. The optimum formulation showed more elastic and solid-like characteristics due to the existence of a large linear viscoelastic region. Keywords: nanoemulsion, palm kernel oil ester, fullerene, central composite rotatable design, Box–Behnken design, response surface methodology
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