| Summary: | Studies on the energy–water–CO<sub>2</sub> synergetic relationship is an effective way to help achieve the peak CO<sub>2</sub> emission target and carbon neutral goal in global countries. One of the most valid way is to adjust through the electric power structure transformation. In this study, a mixed-integer linear resource planning model is proposed to investigate the energy–water–CO<sub>2</sub> synergetic optimization relationship, concerning the uncertainties in the fuel price and power demand prediction process. Coupled with multiple CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and water policy scenarios, Beijing, the capital city of China, is chosen as a case study. Results indicate that the demand-side management (DSM) level and the stricter environmental constraints can effectively push Beijing’s power supply system in a much cleaner direction. The energy–water–CO<sub>2</sub> relationship will reach a better balance under stricter environmental constraints and higher DSM level. However, the achievement of the energy–water–CO<sub>2</sub> synergetic optimization will be at an expense of high system cost. Decision makers should adjust their strategies flexibly based on the practical planning situations.
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