Development of a diffuse reflectance probe for in situ measurement of inherent optical properties in sea ice

• Main Authors: C. Perron, C. Katlein, S. Lambert-Girard, E. Leymarie, L.-P. Guinard, P. Marquet, M. Babin
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: Copernicus Publications 2021-09-01
• Series: The Cryosphere
• Online Access: https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/15/4483/2021/tc-15-4483-2021.pdf
• ISSN: 1994-0416; 1994-0424

<p>Detailed characterization of the spatially and temporally varying inherent optical properties (IOPs) of sea ice is necessary to better predict energy and mass balances, as well as ice-associated primary production. Here we present the development of an active optical probe to measure IOPs of a small volume of sea ice (dm<span class="inline-formula">³</span>) in situ and non-destructively. The probe is derived from the diffuse reflectance method used to measure the IOPs of human tissues. The instrument emits light into the ice by the use of an optical fibre. Backscattered light is measured at multiple distances away from the source using several receiving fibres. Comparison to a Monte Carlo simulated lookup table allows, in theory, retrieval of the absorption coefficient, the reduced scattering coefficient and a phase function similarity parameter <span class="inline-formula"><i>γ</i></span>, introduced by Bevilacqua and Depeursinge (1999). <span class="inline-formula"><i>γ</i></span> depends on the two first moments of the Legendre polynomials, allowing the analysis of the backscattered light not satisfying the diffusion regime. The depth reached into the medium by detected photons was estimated using Monte Carlo simulations: the maximum depth reached by 95 % of the detected photons was between <span class="inline-formula">40±2</span> and <span class="inline-formula">270±20</span> mm depending on the source–detector distance and on the ice scattering properties. The magnitude of the instrument validation error on the reduced scattering coefficient ranged from 0.07 % for the most scattering medium to 35 % for the less scattering medium over the 2 orders of magnitude we validated. Fixing the absorption coefficient and <span class="inline-formula"><i>γ</i></span>, which proved difficult to measure, vertical profiles of the reduced scattering coefficient were obtained with decimetre resolution on first-year Arctic interior sea ice on Baffin Island in early spring 2019. We measured values of up to 7.1 m<span class="inline-formula">⁻¹</span> for the uppermost layer of interior ice and down to <span class="inline-formula">0.15±0.05</span> m<span class="inline-formula">⁻¹</span> for the bottommost layer. These values are in the range of polar interior sea ice measurements published by other authors. The inversion of the reduced scattering coefficient at this scale was strongly dependent on the value of <span class="inline-formula"><i>γ</i></span>, highlighting the need to define the higher moments of the phase function. This newly developed probe provides a fast and reliable means for measurement of scattering in sea ice.</p>