Spectral Properties of Coniferous Forests: A Review of In Situ and Laboratory Measurements
Coniferous species are present in almost all major vegetation biomes on Earth, though they are the most abundant in the northern hemisphere, where they form the northern tree and forest lines close to the Arctic Circle. Monitoring coniferous forests with satellite and airborne remote sensing is acti...
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MDPI AG
2018-01-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/2/207 |
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doaj-df7e446f43a743c99c8ca924a23098962020-11-24T22:38:45ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922018-01-0110220710.3390/rs10020207rs10020207Spectral Properties of Coniferous Forests: A Review of In Situ and Laboratory MeasurementsMiina Rautiainen0Petr Lukeš1Lucie Homolová2Aarne Hovi3Jan Pisek4Matti Mõttus5Department of Built Environment, School of Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 14100, FI-00076 Aalto, FinlandGlobal Change Research Institute CAS, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, The Czech RepublicGlobal Change Research Institute CAS, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, The Czech RepublicDepartment of Built Environment, School of Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 14100, FI-00076 Aalto, FinlandTartu Observatory, University of Tartu, Observatooriumi 1, Tõravere, 61602 Tartumaa, EstoniaVTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, FinlandConiferous species are present in almost all major vegetation biomes on Earth, though they are the most abundant in the northern hemisphere, where they form the northern tree and forest lines close to the Arctic Circle. Monitoring coniferous forests with satellite and airborne remote sensing is active, due to the forests’ great ecological and economic importance. We review the current understanding of spectral behavior of different components forming coniferous forests. We look at the spatial, directional, and seasonal variations in needle, shoot, woody element, and understory spectra in coniferous forests, based on measurements. Through selected case studies, we also demonstrate how coniferous canopy spectra vary at different spatial scales, and in different viewing angles and seasons. Finally, we provide a synthesis of gaps in the current knowledge on spectra of elements forming coniferous forests that could also serve as a recommendation for planning scientific efforts in the future.http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/2/207coniferforestspectrumreflectancetransmittancealbedoBRDFneedleshootunderstory |
| collection |
DOAJ |
| language |
English |
| format |
Article |
| sources |
DOAJ |
| author |
Miina Rautiainen Petr Lukeš Lucie Homolová Aarne Hovi Jan Pisek Matti Mõttus |
| spellingShingle |
Miina Rautiainen Petr Lukeš Lucie Homolová Aarne Hovi Jan Pisek Matti Mõttus Spectral Properties of Coniferous Forests: A Review of In Situ and Laboratory Measurements Remote Sensing conifer forest spectrum reflectance transmittance albedo BRDF needle shoot understory |
| author_facet |
Miina Rautiainen Petr Lukeš Lucie Homolová Aarne Hovi Jan Pisek Matti Mõttus |
| author_sort |
Miina Rautiainen |
| title |
Spectral Properties of Coniferous Forests: A Review of In Situ and Laboratory Measurements |
| title_short |
Spectral Properties of Coniferous Forests: A Review of In Situ and Laboratory Measurements |
| title_full |
Spectral Properties of Coniferous Forests: A Review of In Situ and Laboratory Measurements |
| title_fullStr |
Spectral Properties of Coniferous Forests: A Review of In Situ and Laboratory Measurements |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Spectral Properties of Coniferous Forests: A Review of In Situ and Laboratory Measurements |
| title_sort |
spectral properties of coniferous forests: a review of in situ and laboratory measurements |
| publisher |
MDPI AG |
| series |
Remote Sensing |
| issn |
2072-4292 |
| publishDate |
2018-01-01 |
| description |
Coniferous species are present in almost all major vegetation biomes on Earth, though they are the most abundant in the northern hemisphere, where they form the northern tree and forest lines close to the Arctic Circle. Monitoring coniferous forests with satellite and airborne remote sensing is active, due to the forests’ great ecological and economic importance. We review the current understanding of spectral behavior of different components forming coniferous forests. We look at the spatial, directional, and seasonal variations in needle, shoot, woody element, and understory spectra in coniferous forests, based on measurements. Through selected case studies, we also demonstrate how coniferous canopy spectra vary at different spatial scales, and in different viewing angles and seasons. Finally, we provide a synthesis of gaps in the current knowledge on spectra of elements forming coniferous forests that could also serve as a recommendation for planning scientific efforts in the future. |
| topic |
conifer forest spectrum reflectance transmittance albedo BRDF needle shoot understory |
| url |
http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/2/207 |
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