Identification and Quantitative Determination of Lactate Using Optical Spectroscopy—Towards a Noninvasive Tool for Early Recognition of Sepsis

Uninterrupted monitoring of serum lactate levels is a prerequisite in the critical care of patients prone to sepsis, cardiogenic shock, cardiac arrest, or severe lung disease. Yet there exists no device to continuously measure blood lactate in clinical practice. Optical spectroscopy together with mu...

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Main Authors: Karthik Budidha, Mohammad Mamouei, Nystha Baishya, Meha Qassem, Pankaj Vadgama, Panayiotis A. Kyriacou
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2020-09-01
Series:Sensors
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/18/5402
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spelling doaj-defb69baa98c4eb6932c4f827d2c54942020-11-25T01:29:00ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202020-09-01205402540210.3390/s20185402Identification and Quantitative Determination of Lactate Using Optical Spectroscopy—Towards a Noninvasive Tool for Early Recognition of SepsisKarthik Budidha0Mohammad Mamouei1Nystha Baishya2Meha Qassem3Pankaj Vadgama4Panayiotis A. Kyriacou5Research Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of London, Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, UKResearch Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of London, Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, UKResearch Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of London, Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, UKResearch Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of London, Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, UKInterdisciplinary Research Centre (IRC) in Biomedical Materials, Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UKResearch Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of London, Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, UKUninterrupted monitoring of serum lactate levels is a prerequisite in the critical care of patients prone to sepsis, cardiogenic shock, cardiac arrest, or severe lung disease. Yet there exists no device to continuously measure blood lactate in clinical practice. Optical spectroscopy together with multivariate analysis is proposed as a viable noninvasive tool for estimation of lactate in blood. As an initial step towards this goal, we inspected the plausibility of predicting the concentration of sodium lactate (NaLac) from the UV/visible, near-infrared (NIR), and mid-infrared (MIR) spectra of 37 isotonic phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) samples containing NaLac ranging from 0 to 20 mmol/L. UV/visible (300–800 nm) and NIR (800–2600 nm) spectra of PBS samples were collected using the PerkinElmer Lambda 1050 dual-beam spectrophotometer, while MIR (4000–500 cm<sup>−1</sup>) spectra were collected using the Spectrum two FTIR spectrometer. Absorption bands in the spectra of all three regions were identified and functional groups were assigned. The concentration of lactate in samples was predicted using the Partial Least-Squares (PLS) regression analysis and leave-one-out cross-validation. The regression analysis showed a correlation coefficient (R<sup>2</sup>) of 0.926, 0.977, and 0.992 for UV/visible, NIR, and MIR spectra, respectively, between the predicted and reference samples. The RMSECV of UV/visible, NIR, and MIR spectra was 1.59, 0.89, and 0.49 mmol/L, respectively. The results indicate that optical spectroscopy together with multivariate models can achieve a superior technique in assessing lactate concentrations.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/18/5402near infrared spectroscopyUV/visible spectramid-infrared spectrablood lactatesepsis
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author Karthik Budidha
Mohammad Mamouei
Nystha Baishya
Meha Qassem
Pankaj Vadgama
Panayiotis A. Kyriacou
spellingShingle Karthik Budidha
Mohammad Mamouei
Nystha Baishya
Meha Qassem
Pankaj Vadgama
Panayiotis A. Kyriacou
Identification and Quantitative Determination of Lactate Using Optical Spectroscopy—Towards a Noninvasive Tool for Early Recognition of Sepsis
Sensors
near infrared spectroscopy
UV/visible spectra
mid-infrared spectra
blood lactate
sepsis
author_facet Karthik Budidha
Mohammad Mamouei
Nystha Baishya
Meha Qassem
Pankaj Vadgama
Panayiotis A. Kyriacou
author_sort Karthik Budidha
title Identification and Quantitative Determination of Lactate Using Optical Spectroscopy—Towards a Noninvasive Tool for Early Recognition of Sepsis
title_short Identification and Quantitative Determination of Lactate Using Optical Spectroscopy—Towards a Noninvasive Tool for Early Recognition of Sepsis
title_full Identification and Quantitative Determination of Lactate Using Optical Spectroscopy—Towards a Noninvasive Tool for Early Recognition of Sepsis
title_fullStr Identification and Quantitative Determination of Lactate Using Optical Spectroscopy—Towards a Noninvasive Tool for Early Recognition of Sepsis
title_full_unstemmed Identification and Quantitative Determination of Lactate Using Optical Spectroscopy—Towards a Noninvasive Tool for Early Recognition of Sepsis
title_sort identification and quantitative determination of lactate using optical spectroscopy—towards a noninvasive tool for early recognition of sepsis
publisher MDPI AG
series Sensors
issn 1424-8220
publishDate 2020-09-01
description Uninterrupted monitoring of serum lactate levels is a prerequisite in the critical care of patients prone to sepsis, cardiogenic shock, cardiac arrest, or severe lung disease. Yet there exists no device to continuously measure blood lactate in clinical practice. Optical spectroscopy together with multivariate analysis is proposed as a viable noninvasive tool for estimation of lactate in blood. As an initial step towards this goal, we inspected the plausibility of predicting the concentration of sodium lactate (NaLac) from the UV/visible, near-infrared (NIR), and mid-infrared (MIR) spectra of 37 isotonic phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) samples containing NaLac ranging from 0 to 20 mmol/L. UV/visible (300–800 nm) and NIR (800–2600 nm) spectra of PBS samples were collected using the PerkinElmer Lambda 1050 dual-beam spectrophotometer, while MIR (4000–500 cm<sup>−1</sup>) spectra were collected using the Spectrum two FTIR spectrometer. Absorption bands in the spectra of all three regions were identified and functional groups were assigned. The concentration of lactate in samples was predicted using the Partial Least-Squares (PLS) regression analysis and leave-one-out cross-validation. The regression analysis showed a correlation coefficient (R<sup>2</sup>) of 0.926, 0.977, and 0.992 for UV/visible, NIR, and MIR spectra, respectively, between the predicted and reference samples. The RMSECV of UV/visible, NIR, and MIR spectra was 1.59, 0.89, and 0.49 mmol/L, respectively. The results indicate that optical spectroscopy together with multivariate models can achieve a superior technique in assessing lactate concentrations.
topic near infrared spectroscopy
UV/visible spectra
mid-infrared spectra
blood lactate
sepsis
url https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/18/5402
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