The Effects of an Oil and Wheat Flour Fortification Program on Pre-School Children and Women of Reproductive Age Living in Côte d’Ivoire, a Malaria-Endemic Area
Anemia and micronutrient deficiencies are widespread in sub-Saharan Africa, but the impact of food fortification is still debated. The objective of this study was to estimate the iron and vitamin A status of preschool children (PSC) and women of reproductive age (WRA) in households consuming fortifi...
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doaj-da3fb74c57d3427f8bc72acd7ac7573e2020-11-25T00:08:40ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432016-03-018314810.3390/nu8030148nu8030148The Effects of an Oil and Wheat Flour Fortification Program on Pre-School Children and Women of Reproductive Age Living in Côte d’Ivoire, a Malaria-Endemic AreaFabian Rohner0Giovanna Raso1Sassor Odile P. Aké-Tano2Andreas B. Tschannen3Christopher Guy Nicholas Mascie-Taylor4Christine A. Northrop-Clewes5GroundWork LLC, 40 b Les Landes, Crans-près-Céligny 1299, SwitzerlandCentre Suisse des Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, PO Box 1303, Abidjan, Côte d’IvoireInstitut National de Santé Publique, PO Box V 47, Abidjan, Côte d’IvoireCentre Suisse des Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, PO Box 1303, Abidjan, Côte d’IvoireDepartment of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QG, UKGlobal Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN), PO Box 55, Geneva 1211, SwitzerlandAnemia and micronutrient deficiencies are widespread in sub-Saharan Africa, but the impact of food fortification is still debated. The objective of this study was to estimate the iron and vitamin A status of preschool children (PSC) and women of reproductive age (WRA) in households consuming fortified oil and wheat flour. The survey was cross-sectional in a rural and an urban area. Data on demographics, socioeconomic status, and fortified foods were collected at households. Hemoglobin (Hb), retinol binding protein (RBP), ferritin, soluble transferrin receptors (sTfR), subclinical inflammation, and Plasmodium spp. infection data were collected. In PSC, vitamin A deficiency (VAD) was prevalent, but for each 1 mg retinol equivalents (RE)/kg of oil consumed, RBP increased by 0.37 μmol/L (p = 0.03). In WRA, there was no significant VAD in the population (0.7%). Anemia was found in 92.2% of rural and 56.3% of urban PSC (p < 0.001). PSC with access to adequately fortified flour had Hb concentrations 15.7 g/L higher than those who did not (p < 0.001). Hb levels increased by +0.238 g/L per mg/kg increase in iron fortification levels (p < 0.001). The national program fortifying vegetable oil with vitamin A and wheat flour with iron and folic acid may have contributed to improved micronutrient status of PSC from two areas in Côte d’Ivoire.http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/8/3/148flouroilfortificationchildrenwomenironvitamin Aanemia |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Fabian Rohner Giovanna Raso Sassor Odile P. Aké-Tano Andreas B. Tschannen Christopher Guy Nicholas Mascie-Taylor Christine A. Northrop-Clewes |
spellingShingle |
Fabian Rohner Giovanna Raso Sassor Odile P. Aké-Tano Andreas B. Tschannen Christopher Guy Nicholas Mascie-Taylor Christine A. Northrop-Clewes The Effects of an Oil and Wheat Flour Fortification Program on Pre-School Children and Women of Reproductive Age Living in Côte d’Ivoire, a Malaria-Endemic Area Nutrients flour oil fortification children women iron vitamin A anemia |
author_facet |
Fabian Rohner Giovanna Raso Sassor Odile P. Aké-Tano Andreas B. Tschannen Christopher Guy Nicholas Mascie-Taylor Christine A. Northrop-Clewes |
author_sort |
Fabian Rohner |
title |
The Effects of an Oil and Wheat Flour Fortification Program on Pre-School Children and Women of Reproductive Age Living in Côte d’Ivoire, a Malaria-Endemic Area |
title_short |
The Effects of an Oil and Wheat Flour Fortification Program on Pre-School Children and Women of Reproductive Age Living in Côte d’Ivoire, a Malaria-Endemic Area |
title_full |
The Effects of an Oil and Wheat Flour Fortification Program on Pre-School Children and Women of Reproductive Age Living in Côte d’Ivoire, a Malaria-Endemic Area |
title_fullStr |
The Effects of an Oil and Wheat Flour Fortification Program on Pre-School Children and Women of Reproductive Age Living in Côte d’Ivoire, a Malaria-Endemic Area |
title_full_unstemmed |
The Effects of an Oil and Wheat Flour Fortification Program on Pre-School Children and Women of Reproductive Age Living in Côte d’Ivoire, a Malaria-Endemic Area |
title_sort |
effects of an oil and wheat flour fortification program on pre-school children and women of reproductive age living in côte d’ivoire, a malaria-endemic area |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Nutrients |
issn |
2072-6643 |
publishDate |
2016-03-01 |
description |
Anemia and micronutrient deficiencies are widespread in sub-Saharan Africa, but the impact of food fortification is still debated. The objective of this study was to estimate the iron and vitamin A status of preschool children (PSC) and women of reproductive age (WRA) in households consuming fortified oil and wheat flour. The survey was cross-sectional in a rural and an urban area. Data on demographics, socioeconomic status, and fortified foods were collected at households. Hemoglobin (Hb), retinol binding protein (RBP), ferritin, soluble transferrin receptors (sTfR), subclinical inflammation, and Plasmodium spp. infection data were collected. In PSC, vitamin A deficiency (VAD) was prevalent, but for each 1 mg retinol equivalents (RE)/kg of oil consumed, RBP increased by 0.37 μmol/L (p = 0.03). In WRA, there was no significant VAD in the population (0.7%). Anemia was found in 92.2% of rural and 56.3% of urban PSC (p < 0.001). PSC with access to adequately fortified flour had Hb concentrations 15.7 g/L higher than those who did not (p < 0.001). Hb levels increased by +0.238 g/L per mg/kg increase in iron fortification levels (p < 0.001). The national program fortifying vegetable oil with vitamin A and wheat flour with iron and folic acid may have contributed to improved micronutrient status of PSC from two areas in Côte d’Ivoire. |
topic |
flour oil fortification children women iron vitamin A anemia |
url |
http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/8/3/148 |
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