The Effects of an Oil and Wheat Flour Fortification Program on Pre-School Children and Women of Reproductive Age Living in Côte d’Ivoire, a Malaria-Endemic Area

Anemia and micronutrient deficiencies are widespread in sub-Saharan Africa, but the impact of food fortification is still debated. The objective of this study was to estimate the iron and vitamin A status of preschool children (PSC) and women of reproductive age (WRA) in households consuming fortifi...

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Main Authors: Fabian Rohner, Giovanna Raso, Sassor Odile P. Aké-Tano, Andreas B. Tschannen, Christopher Guy Nicholas Mascie-Taylor, Christine A. Northrop-Clewes
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2016-03-01
Series:Nutrients
Subjects:
oil
Online Access:http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/8/3/148
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spelling doaj-da3fb74c57d3427f8bc72acd7ac7573e2020-11-25T00:08:40ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432016-03-018314810.3390/nu8030148nu8030148The Effects of an Oil and Wheat Flour Fortification Program on Pre-School Children and Women of Reproductive Age Living in Côte d’Ivoire, a Malaria-Endemic AreaFabian Rohner0Giovanna Raso1Sassor Odile P. Aké-Tano2Andreas B. Tschannen3Christopher Guy Nicholas Mascie-Taylor4Christine A. Northrop-Clewes5GroundWork LLC, 40 b Les Landes, Crans-près-Céligny 1299, SwitzerlandCentre Suisse des Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, PO Box 1303, Abidjan, Côte d’IvoireInstitut National de Santé Publique, PO Box V 47, Abidjan, Côte d’IvoireCentre Suisse des Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, PO Box 1303, Abidjan, Côte d’IvoireDepartment of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QG, UKGlobal Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN), PO Box 55, Geneva 1211, SwitzerlandAnemia and micronutrient deficiencies are widespread in sub-Saharan Africa, but the impact of food fortification is still debated. The objective of this study was to estimate the iron and vitamin A status of preschool children (PSC) and women of reproductive age (WRA) in households consuming fortified oil and wheat flour. The survey was cross-sectional in a rural and an urban area. Data on demographics, socioeconomic status, and fortified foods were collected at households. Hemoglobin (Hb), retinol binding protein (RBP), ferritin, soluble transferrin receptors (sTfR), subclinical inflammation, and Plasmodium spp. infection data were collected. In PSC, vitamin A deficiency (VAD) was prevalent, but for each 1 mg retinol equivalents (RE)/kg of oil consumed, RBP increased by 0.37 μmol/L (p = 0.03). In WRA, there was no significant VAD in the population (0.7%). Anemia was found in 92.2% of rural and 56.3% of urban PSC (p < 0.001). PSC with access to adequately fortified flour had Hb concentrations 15.7 g/L higher than those who did not (p < 0.001). Hb levels increased by +0.238 g/L per mg/kg increase in iron fortification levels (p < 0.001). The national program fortifying vegetable oil with vitamin A and wheat flour with iron and folic acid may have contributed to improved micronutrient status of PSC from two areas in Côte d’Ivoire.http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/8/3/148flouroilfortificationchildrenwomenironvitamin Aanemia
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author Fabian Rohner
Giovanna Raso
Sassor Odile P. Aké-Tano
Andreas B. Tschannen
Christopher Guy Nicholas Mascie-Taylor
Christine A. Northrop-Clewes
spellingShingle Fabian Rohner
Giovanna Raso
Sassor Odile P. Aké-Tano
Andreas B. Tschannen
Christopher Guy Nicholas Mascie-Taylor
Christine A. Northrop-Clewes
The Effects of an Oil and Wheat Flour Fortification Program on Pre-School Children and Women of Reproductive Age Living in Côte d’Ivoire, a Malaria-Endemic Area
Nutrients
flour
oil
fortification
children
women
iron
vitamin A
anemia
author_facet Fabian Rohner
Giovanna Raso
Sassor Odile P. Aké-Tano
Andreas B. Tschannen
Christopher Guy Nicholas Mascie-Taylor
Christine A. Northrop-Clewes
author_sort Fabian Rohner
title The Effects of an Oil and Wheat Flour Fortification Program on Pre-School Children and Women of Reproductive Age Living in Côte d’Ivoire, a Malaria-Endemic Area
title_short The Effects of an Oil and Wheat Flour Fortification Program on Pre-School Children and Women of Reproductive Age Living in Côte d’Ivoire, a Malaria-Endemic Area
title_full The Effects of an Oil and Wheat Flour Fortification Program on Pre-School Children and Women of Reproductive Age Living in Côte d’Ivoire, a Malaria-Endemic Area
title_fullStr The Effects of an Oil and Wheat Flour Fortification Program on Pre-School Children and Women of Reproductive Age Living in Côte d’Ivoire, a Malaria-Endemic Area
title_full_unstemmed The Effects of an Oil and Wheat Flour Fortification Program on Pre-School Children and Women of Reproductive Age Living in Côte d’Ivoire, a Malaria-Endemic Area
title_sort effects of an oil and wheat flour fortification program on pre-school children and women of reproductive age living in côte d’ivoire, a malaria-endemic area
publisher MDPI AG
series Nutrients
issn 2072-6643
publishDate 2016-03-01
description Anemia and micronutrient deficiencies are widespread in sub-Saharan Africa, but the impact of food fortification is still debated. The objective of this study was to estimate the iron and vitamin A status of preschool children (PSC) and women of reproductive age (WRA) in households consuming fortified oil and wheat flour. The survey was cross-sectional in a rural and an urban area. Data on demographics, socioeconomic status, and fortified foods were collected at households. Hemoglobin (Hb), retinol binding protein (RBP), ferritin, soluble transferrin receptors (sTfR), subclinical inflammation, and Plasmodium spp. infection data were collected. In PSC, vitamin A deficiency (VAD) was prevalent, but for each 1 mg retinol equivalents (RE)/kg of oil consumed, RBP increased by 0.37 μmol/L (p = 0.03). In WRA, there was no significant VAD in the population (0.7%). Anemia was found in 92.2% of rural and 56.3% of urban PSC (p < 0.001). PSC with access to adequately fortified flour had Hb concentrations 15.7 g/L higher than those who did not (p < 0.001). Hb levels increased by +0.238 g/L per mg/kg increase in iron fortification levels (p < 0.001). The national program fortifying vegetable oil with vitamin A and wheat flour with iron and folic acid may have contributed to improved micronutrient status of PSC from two areas in Côte d’Ivoire.
topic flour
oil
fortification
children
women
iron
vitamin A
anemia
url http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/8/3/148
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