Modern possibilities and prospects of early diagnosis of stomach cancer

• Main Authors: A. A. Arkhipova, V. V. Anischenko
• Format: Article
• Language: Russian
• Published: Scientific Сentre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems 2021-08-01
• Series: Acta Biomedica Scientifica
• Subjects: biomarkers; stomach ulcer; cancer; risk factors; diagnostics; microrna
• Online Access: https://www.actabiomedica.ru/jour/article/view/2854
• ISSN: 2541-9420; 2587-9596

The review includes 70 articles, most of which have been published for the last 5 years.The aim of the review: explore the modern possibilities and prospects of early diagnosis of stomach cancer. In 2018 in Russia, the mortality rate within one year after the diagnosis was 47.4%. Leading experts in luminal endoscopy from Japan, where more than 60% cases of stomach cancer are detected at an early stage, recommend using advanced endoscopic equipment for routine diagnostics, which allows enlarging the image, examining the capillaries of the mucosa and taking series of pictures. Artificial intelligence improves accuracy. Gastroscopic study with artificial intelligence compensates errors and limited capabilities of people, and provides greater accuracy. However, this technology is expensive, and esophagogastroduodenoscopy itself is an invasive method and can be used only in a clinical setting. In patients with a detectable lesion, a biopsy should be performed. It is important to obtain a sufficient amount of tissue when collecting material, however, many patients take anticoagulants, and thus sampling of numerous fragments can lead to bleeding. Given the limitations of esophagogastroduodenoscopy with biopsy and the fact that only 12.4% cases of stomach cancer in 2018 in Russia identified on the stage I, the searching of effective diagnostic tools is still relevant. MicroRNAs have been in the «cancer research arena» for over 10 years and are considered biomarkers that can help to differentiate between the patients with normal range, dysplasia and those with cancer. MicroRNA regulates all vital processes of a cell, moreover, they are stable and easily extracted from various biological materials, including tissues, blood, feces, saliva, ascitic fluid and even paraffin blocks. And although microRNAs are only entering clinical practice, the results obtained are encouraging.