Assessment of Microbiological Quality and Mycotoxin in Dried Chili by Morphological Identification, Molecular Detection, and Chromatography Analysis
The growing interest in spicy foods leads to the global demand for spices, particularly dried chili. This study aimed to assay both aflatoxin (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination using an integrative method of morphological identification, molecular detection, and chromatography analysis on dr...
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2020-03-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/6/1847 |
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doaj-d9dce6f7731049998ebc45702175e7f32020-11-25T02:38:13ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health1660-46012020-03-01176184710.3390/ijerph17061847ijerph17061847Assessment of Microbiological Quality and Mycotoxin in Dried Chili by Morphological Identification, Molecular Detection, and Chromatography AnalysisRachma Wikandari0Inggrid Chrisanti Mayningsih1Maura Dania Permata Sari2Fiametta Ayu Purwandari3Widiastuti Setyaningsih4Endang Sutriswati Rahayu5Mohammad J. Taherzadeh6Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta 55281, IndonesiaDepartment of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta 55281, IndonesiaDepartment of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta 55281, IndonesiaDepartment of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta 55281, IndonesiaDepartment of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta 55281, IndonesiaDepartment of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta 55281, IndonesiaSwedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, 50190 Borås, SwedenThe growing interest in spicy foods leads to the global demand for spices, particularly dried chili. This study aimed to assay both aflatoxin (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination using an integrative method of morphological identification, molecular detection, and chromatography analysis on dried chili provided from traditional and modern markets in Indonesia. The results showed that total fungal infection ranged from 1-408 × 10<sup>3</sup> CFU/g. Eighty percent of the chili obtained from both the traditional and the modern markets were infected by <i>Aspergillus</i> spp., in which 50% of the infections were identified as <i>A. parasiticus</i> and <i>A. flavus</i>. A complete set of targeted genes involved in AF production and OTA were detected in two isolates of <i>A. flavus</i> and one isolate of <i>A. carbonarius</i>, respectively. The levels of AFs B<sub>1</sub>, B<sub>2</sub>, and OTA in the contaminated dried chilies were in the range of 39.3−139.5 µg/kg, 2.6−33.3 µg/kg, and 23.7−84.6 µg/kg, respectively. In contrast, no AFs G<sub>1</sub> and G<sub>2</sub> were detected. This study showed that the fungal infection of Indonesian dried chili occurs both in the field and during storage; thus, it is suggested to implement good agricultural and handling processes.https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/6/1847aflatoxinochratoxin adried chiliindonesiamolecularmycobiota |
| collection |
DOAJ |
| language |
English |
| format |
Article |
| sources |
DOAJ |
| author |
Rachma Wikandari Inggrid Chrisanti Mayningsih Maura Dania Permata Sari Fiametta Ayu Purwandari Widiastuti Setyaningsih Endang Sutriswati Rahayu Mohammad J. Taherzadeh |
| spellingShingle |
Rachma Wikandari Inggrid Chrisanti Mayningsih Maura Dania Permata Sari Fiametta Ayu Purwandari Widiastuti Setyaningsih Endang Sutriswati Rahayu Mohammad J. Taherzadeh Assessment of Microbiological Quality and Mycotoxin in Dried Chili by Morphological Identification, Molecular Detection, and Chromatography Analysis International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health aflatoxin ochratoxin a dried chili indonesia molecular mycobiota |
| author_facet |
Rachma Wikandari Inggrid Chrisanti Mayningsih Maura Dania Permata Sari Fiametta Ayu Purwandari Widiastuti Setyaningsih Endang Sutriswati Rahayu Mohammad J. Taherzadeh |
| author_sort |
Rachma Wikandari |
| title |
Assessment of Microbiological Quality and Mycotoxin in Dried Chili by Morphological Identification, Molecular Detection, and Chromatography Analysis |
| title_short |
Assessment of Microbiological Quality and Mycotoxin in Dried Chili by Morphological Identification, Molecular Detection, and Chromatography Analysis |
| title_full |
Assessment of Microbiological Quality and Mycotoxin in Dried Chili by Morphological Identification, Molecular Detection, and Chromatography Analysis |
| title_fullStr |
Assessment of Microbiological Quality and Mycotoxin in Dried Chili by Morphological Identification, Molecular Detection, and Chromatography Analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Assessment of Microbiological Quality and Mycotoxin in Dried Chili by Morphological Identification, Molecular Detection, and Chromatography Analysis |
| title_sort |
assessment of microbiological quality and mycotoxin in dried chili by morphological identification, molecular detection, and chromatography analysis |
| publisher |
MDPI AG |
| series |
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
| issn |
1660-4601 |
| publishDate |
2020-03-01 |
| description |
The growing interest in spicy foods leads to the global demand for spices, particularly dried chili. This study aimed to assay both aflatoxin (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination using an integrative method of morphological identification, molecular detection, and chromatography analysis on dried chili provided from traditional and modern markets in Indonesia. The results showed that total fungal infection ranged from 1-408 × 10<sup>3</sup> CFU/g. Eighty percent of the chili obtained from both the traditional and the modern markets were infected by <i>Aspergillus</i> spp., in which 50% of the infections were identified as <i>A. parasiticus</i> and <i>A. flavus</i>. A complete set of targeted genes involved in AF production and OTA were detected in two isolates of <i>A. flavus</i> and one isolate of <i>A. carbonarius</i>, respectively. The levels of AFs B<sub>1</sub>, B<sub>2</sub>, and OTA in the contaminated dried chilies were in the range of 39.3−139.5 µg/kg, 2.6−33.3 µg/kg, and 23.7−84.6 µg/kg, respectively. In contrast, no AFs G<sub>1</sub> and G<sub>2</sub> were detected. This study showed that the fungal infection of Indonesian dried chili occurs both in the field and during storage; thus, it is suggested to implement good agricultural and handling processes. |
| topic |
aflatoxin ochratoxin a dried chili indonesia molecular mycobiota |
| url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/6/1847 |
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