Transitions in the Careers of Competitive Swimmers: To Continue or Finish with Elite Sport?

• Main Authors: Malgorzata Siekanska, Jan Blecharz
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI AG 2020-09-01
• Series: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
• Subjects: elite swimmers; career termination; career transition; athlete’s development; athletes’ health problems; supportive environment
• Online Access: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/18/6482
• ISSN: 1661-7827; 1660-4601

An athletic career is a succession of stages and transitions (normative and non-normative), which may have decisive effects on either maintaining a satisfactory and/or successful course or deciding about premature career termination. The main purpose of this study was to identify differences between swimmers (M_age = 21.32, <i>SD</i> = 2.62) who after undergoing the transition from junior to senior level either: (a) continued their career hoping to improve their performance regardless of low success at the elite level—Group I; or (b) decided on premature athletic career termination—Group II. The criteria for inclusion included having undergone the transition from junior to senior level and having competed at elite level for at least a year (M = 4.14 years, <i>SD</i> = 1.74). The participants were administered a demographic survey and a structured interview. The results revealed differences in developmental stages. The exploration phase was longer (M_{Group I} = 5.8 yrs, <i>SD</i> = 2.04, M_{Group II} = 4.6 yrs, <i>SD</i> = 2.4; <i>Z</i> = −1.902, <i>p</i> = 0.057); the commitment phase was shorter (M_{Group I} = 3.6 yrs, <i>SD</i> = 1.3; M_{Group II} = 4.6 yrs, <i>SD</i> = 1.7; <i>Z</i> = −1.735, <i>p</i> = 0.083); the number of hours of structured practice were (M_{Group I} = 5975, <i>SD</i> = 2474; M_{Group II} = 7623, <i>SD</i> = 2660, Z = −1.928, <i>p</i> = 0.054); the number of perceived costs were (Group I = 22, Group II = 34; <i>Z</i> = −2.209, <i>p</i> = 0.0027); and the most often pointed benefits of a sporting career were (Group I—94% <i>health & physical fitness</i>; Group II—88% <i>personal growth & life skills</i>). Furthermore, essential inhibitors and facilitators of athletes’ development were identified. The findings of the study have practical applications for athletes, coaches, parents and sport psychology professionals. For instance, appropriate social support can help to prevent elite athletes’ premature career termination from professional sport during and after their normative transition from junior to senior level.