| Summary: | Uncertainty is a common feature of biological systems, and model-free extremum-seeking control has proved a relevant approach to avoid the typical problems related to model-based optimization, e.g., time- and resource-consuming derivation and identification of dynamic models, and lack of robustness of optimal control. In this article, a review of the past and current trends in model-free extremum seeking is proposed with an emphasis on finding optimal operating conditions of bioprocesses. This review is illustrated with a simple simulation case study which allows a comparative evaluation of a few selected methods. Finally, some experimental case studies are discussed. As usual, practice lags behind theory, but recent developments confirm the applicability of the approach at the laboratory scale and are encouraging a transfer to industrial scale.
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