Brief communication: Growth and decay of an ice stupa in alpine conditions – a simple model driven by energy-flux observations over a glacier surface
<p>We present a simple model to calculate the evolution of an ice stupa (artificial ice reservoir). The model is formulated for a cone geometry and driven by energy balance measurements over a glacier surface for a 5-year period. An “exposure factor” is introduced to deal with the fact that an...
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Copernicus Publications
2021-06-01
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| Series: | The Cryosphere |
| Online Access: | https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/15/3007/2021/tc-15-3007-2021.pdf |
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doaj-d5e9f38500b04c86bf146a5d0d7e88272021-06-29T14:13:33ZengCopernicus PublicationsThe Cryosphere1994-04161994-04242021-06-01153007301210.5194/tc-15-3007-2021Brief communication: Growth and decay of an ice stupa in alpine conditions – a simple model driven by energy-flux observations over a glacier surfaceJ. Oerlemans0S. Balasubramanian1C. Clavuot2F. Keller3F. Keller4Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, Utrecht, 3585CC, the NetherlandsDepartment of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, SwitzerlandArchitecture Clavuot, Gäugelistrasse 49, Chur 7000, SwitzerlandAcademia Engiadina, Samedan, SwitzerlandDepartment of Environmental Systems Science, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland<p>We present a simple model to calculate the evolution of an ice stupa (artificial ice reservoir). The model is formulated for a cone geometry and driven by energy balance measurements over a glacier surface for a 5-year period. An “exposure factor” is introduced to deal with the fact that an ice stupa has a very rough surface and is more exposed to wind than a flat glacier surface. The exposure factor enhances the turbulent fluxes.</p> <p>For characteristic alpine conditions at 2100 m, an ice stupa may reach a volume of 200 to 400 m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>3</sup></span> in early April. We show sensitivities of ice stupa size to temperature changes and exposure factor. The model may also serve as an educational tool, with which the effects of snow cover, switching off water during daytime, different starting dates, switching off water during high wind speeds, etc. can easily be evaluated.</p>https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/15/3007/2021/tc-15-3007-2021.pdf |
| collection |
DOAJ |
| language |
English |
| format |
Article |
| sources |
DOAJ |
| author |
J. Oerlemans S. Balasubramanian C. Clavuot F. Keller F. Keller |
| spellingShingle |
J. Oerlemans S. Balasubramanian C. Clavuot F. Keller F. Keller Brief communication: Growth and decay of an ice stupa in alpine conditions – a simple model driven by energy-flux observations over a glacier surface The Cryosphere |
| author_facet |
J. Oerlemans S. Balasubramanian C. Clavuot F. Keller F. Keller |
| author_sort |
J. Oerlemans |
| title |
Brief communication: Growth and decay of an ice stupa in alpine conditions – a simple model driven by energy-flux observations over a glacier surface |
| title_short |
Brief communication: Growth and decay of an ice stupa in alpine conditions – a simple model driven by energy-flux observations over a glacier surface |
| title_full |
Brief communication: Growth and decay of an ice stupa in alpine conditions – a simple model driven by energy-flux observations over a glacier surface |
| title_fullStr |
Brief communication: Growth and decay of an ice stupa in alpine conditions – a simple model driven by energy-flux observations over a glacier surface |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Brief communication: Growth and decay of an ice stupa in alpine conditions – a simple model driven by energy-flux observations over a glacier surface |
| title_sort |
brief communication: growth and decay of an ice stupa in alpine conditions – a simple model driven by energy-flux observations over a glacier surface |
| publisher |
Copernicus Publications |
| series |
The Cryosphere |
| issn |
1994-0416 1994-0424 |
| publishDate |
2021-06-01 |
| description |
<p>We present a simple model to calculate the evolution of an ice
stupa (artificial ice reservoir). The model is formulated for a cone
geometry and driven by energy balance measurements over a glacier surface
for a 5-year period. An “exposure factor” is introduced to deal with the
fact that an ice stupa has a very rough surface and is more exposed to wind
than a flat glacier surface. The exposure factor enhances the turbulent
fluxes.</p>
<p>For characteristic alpine conditions at 2100 m, an ice stupa may reach a
volume of 200 to 400 m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>3</sup></span> in early April. We show sensitivities of ice stupa size to temperature changes and exposure factor. The model may also serve as an educational tool, with which the effects of snow cover, switching off water during daytime, different starting dates, switching off water during high wind speeds, etc. can easily be evaluated.</p> |
| url |
https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/15/3007/2021/tc-15-3007-2021.pdf |
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