| Summary: | Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a type of hypergonadotropic hypogonadism caused by impaired ovarian function before the age of 40. Due to the hypoestrogenism, women with POI experience a variety of health complications, including an increased risk of bone mineral density loss and developing osteopenia and osteoporosis, which poses an important problem for public health. <b>Purpose:</b> The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the values of bone mineral density (BMD), T-score and Z-score within the lumbar spine (L1-L4) using the dual energy X-ray absorptiometry method. The dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans described in this original prospective article were performed at the time of POI diagnosis and after treatment with sequential hormone replacement therapy (HRT). <b>Materials and methods:</b> This study included 132 patients with a mean age of 31.86 ± 7.75 years who had been diagnosed with idiopathic POI. The control group consisted of 17 healthy women with regular menstrual cycles, with a mean age of 23.21 ± 5.86 years. Serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), 17-estradiol (E2), prolactin (PRL), testosterone (T), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (fT4), insulin, and fasting serum glucose were measured. Lumbar spine (L1-L4) BMD was assessed by means of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. DXA scans were performed at the time of diagnosis and following treatment with sequential hormone replacement therapy (HRT) comprised of daily oral 2 mg 17-β-estradiol and 10 mg dydrogesterone. The mean time of observation was 3 ± 2 years. <b>Results:</b> Patients in the POI group presented with characteristic hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. They had a significantly decreased mean lumbar spine BMD when compared to healthy controls (1.088 ± 0.14 g/cm<sup>2</sup>) vs. 1.150 ± 0.30 g/cm<sup>2</sup>) (<i>p</i> = 0.04) as well as a decreased T-score (0.75 ± 1.167 vs. −0.144 ± 0.82) (<i>p</i> = 003). There was a significant increase in BMD (1.088 ± 0.14 vs. 1.109 ± 0.14; <i>p</i> < 0.001), T-score (−0.75 ± 1.17 vs. −0.59 ± 1.22; <i>p</i> < 0.001), and Z-score (−0.75 ± 1.12 vs. −0.49 ± 1.11; <i>p</i> < 0.001) after the implementation of HRT when compared to pre-treatment results. <b>Conclusions:</b> In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that patients with POI often have decreased bone mineral density and that the implementation of HRT has a significant and positive influence on bone mass. The implementation of full-dose HRT and monitoring of bone status is particularly important in these patients.
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