An Increased Risk of School-Aged Children with Viral Infection among Diarrhea Clusters in Taiwan during 2011–2019

• Main Authors: Fu-Huang Lin, Yu-Ching Chou, Bao-Chung Chen, Jui-Cheng Lu, Chung-Jung Liu, Chi-Jeng Hsieh, Chia-Peng Yu
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI AG 2021-09-01
• Series: Children
• Subjects: diarrhea; norovirus; <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>; school; cluster; retrospective study
• Online Access: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/8/9/807

Acute diarrhea is mainly caused by norovirus and rotavirus. Numerous factors modify the risk of diarrhea cluster infections and outbreaks. The purpose of this study was to explore the epidemiological characteristics, differences, and trends in the distribution of viral and bacterial pathogens that cause diarrhea cluster events as well as the public places where diarrhea cluster events took place in Taiwan from 2011 to 2019. We examined publicly available, annual summary data on 2865 diarrhea clusters confirmed by the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (CDC) from 2011 to 2019. There were statistically significant differences (<i>p</i> < 0.001) in event numbers of diarrhea clusters among viral and bacterial pathogens, and statistically significant differences (<i>p</i> < 0.001) in event numbers of diarrhea clusters among bacterial pathogens. There were also statistically significant differences (<i>p</i> < 0.001) in the event numbers of diarrhea clusters among public places. Norovirus infections were the first most numerous (77.1%, 1810/2347) diarrhea clusters among viral and bacterial infections. Among bacterial infections, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> infections accounted for the greatest number of diarrhea clusters (35.5%, 104/293). Schools were the places with the greatest number of diarrhea clusters (49.1%, 1406/2865) among various institutions. Norovirus single infection (odds ratio, OR = 4.423), <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> single infection (OR = 2.238), and school (OR = 1.983) were identified as risk factors. This is the first report of confirmed events of diarrhea clusters taken from surveillance data compiled by Taiwan’s CDC (2011–2019). This study highlights the importance of long-term and geographically extended studies, particularly for highly fluctuating pathogens, to understand the implications of the transmission of diarrhea clusters in Taiwan’s populations. Importantly, big data have been identified that can inform future surveillance and research efforts in Taiwan.