| Summary: | Management of Crohn’s disease (CD) based on symptom control is a tale of the past as new treatment strategies aim toward a “treat to target” concept and to a patient-tailored approach. Defining treatment goals and assessing therapeutic success have been in the center of IBD research in the past years. Clinical remission and mucosal healing are well-established treatment goals by current recommendations, although prospective data is required to determine whether achieving these targets is enough to alter disease natural course. Furthermore, there is no standard in assessing therapeutic success. Low relapse and hospitalization rates, as well as a low need of surgery are indicators of a successful treatment. Close monitoring is part of the new therapeutic strategy. Monitoring tools are numerous, comprising clinical, biological, endoscopic and imaging scores or parameters but are far from being perfect. The traditional strategy of managing CD patients based on clinical symptoms and response to treatment did not improve the long-term outcomes. Clinical activity scores are frequently used in clinical trials and daily practice, but their use alone is not an accurate measure of inflammation. Endoscopic remission is associated with a lower risk of complications and a better long-term prognostic. Several guidelines include recommendations regarding surveillance endoscopy, but there is an open debate regarding the follow-up intervals. Cross-sectional imaging techniques play a complementary role in assessing transmural inflammation and in identifying extra-intestinal complications of CD and should be used in conjunction with endoscopy. Therapeutic drug monitoring is essential in assessing loss of response and making therapeutic decisions, although firm recommendations are not implemented into daily practice. Extraintestinal manifestations are often disregarded when discussing monitoring protocols. There is no current guideline indication for extraintestinal manifestations monitoring during remission periods.
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