Quantify Piston and Preferential Water Flow in Deep Soil Using Cl⁻ and Soil Water Profiles in Deforested Apple Orchards on the Loess Plateau, China

• Main Authors: Zhiqiang Zhang, Bingcheng Si, Huijie Li, Min Li
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI AG 2019-10-01
• Series: Water
• Subjects: preferential flow; piston flow; apple orchard; loess plateau; deep soil water
• Online Access: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/11/10/2183

Piston and preferential water flow are viewed as the two dominant water transport mechanisms regulating terrestrial water and solute cycles. However, it is difficult to accurately separate the two water flow patterns because preferential flow is not easy to capture directly in field environments. In this study, we take advantage of the afforestation induced desiccated deep soil, and directly quantify piston and preferential water flow using chloride ions (Cl^−) and soil water profiles, in four deforested apple orchards on the Loess Plateau. The deforestation time ranged from 3 to 15 years. In each of the four selected orchards, there was a standing orchard that was planted at the same time as the deforested one, and therefore the standing orchard was used to benchmark the initial Cl^− and soil water profiles of the deforested orchard. In the deforested orchards, piston flow was detected using the migration of the Cl^− front, and preferential flow was measured via soil water increase below the Cl^− front. Results showed that in the desiccated zone, Cl^− migrated to deeper soil after deforestation, indicating that the desiccated soil layer formed by the water absorption of deep-rooted apple trees did not completely inhibit the movement of water. Moreover, there was an evident increase in soil water below the downward Cl^− front, directly demonstrating the existence of preferential flow in deep soil under field conditions. Although pore water velocity was small in the deep loess, preferential water flow still accounted for 34−65% of total infiltrated water. This study presented the mechanisms that regulate movement of soil water following deforestation through field observations and advanced our understanding of the soil hydrologic process in deep soil.