Watching eyes on potential litter can reduce littering: evidence from two field experiments
Littering constitutes a major societal problem, and any simple intervention that reduces its prevalence would be widely beneficial. In previous research, we have found that displaying images of watching eyes in the environment makes people less likely to litter. Here, we investigate whether the watc...
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doaj-cc5dc0fd0b62482e9834a9cfd85b1d352020-11-24T23:05:21ZengPeerJ Inc.PeerJ2167-83592015-12-013e144310.7717/peerj.1443Watching eyes on potential litter can reduce littering: evidence from two field experimentsMelissa Bateson0Rebecca Robinson1Tim Abayomi-Cole2Josh Greenlees3Abby O’Connor4Daniel Nettle5Centre for Behaviour and Evolution, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United KingdomSchool of Psychology, Newcastle University, Newcastle Tyne and Wear, United KingdomSchool of Psychology, Newcastle University, Newcastle Tyne and Wear, United KingdomSchool of Psychology, Newcastle University, Newcastle Tyne and Wear, United KingdomSchool of Psychology, Newcastle University, Newcastle Tyne and Wear, United KingdomCentre for Behaviour and Evolution, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United KingdomLittering constitutes a major societal problem, and any simple intervention that reduces its prevalence would be widely beneficial. In previous research, we have found that displaying images of watching eyes in the environment makes people less likely to litter. Here, we investigate whether the watching eyes images can be transferred onto the potential items of litter themselves. In two field experiments on a university campus, we created an opportunity to litter by attaching leaflets that either did or did not feature an image of watching eyes to parked bicycles. In both experiments, the watching eyes leaflets were substantially less likely to be littered than control leaflets (odds ratios 0.22–0.32). We also found that people were less likely to litter when there other people in the immediate vicinity than when there were not (odds ratios 0.04–0.25) and, in one experiment but not the other, that eye leaflets only reduced littering when there no other people in the immediate vicinity. We suggest that designing cues of observation into packaging could be a simple but fruitful strategy for reducing littering.https://peerj.com/articles/1443.pdfLitteringAntisocial behaviourWatching eyesNatural surveillanceInterventionsCooperation |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Melissa Bateson Rebecca Robinson Tim Abayomi-Cole Josh Greenlees Abby O’Connor Daniel Nettle |
spellingShingle |
Melissa Bateson Rebecca Robinson Tim Abayomi-Cole Josh Greenlees Abby O’Connor Daniel Nettle Watching eyes on potential litter can reduce littering: evidence from two field experiments PeerJ Littering Antisocial behaviour Watching eyes Natural surveillance Interventions Cooperation |
author_facet |
Melissa Bateson Rebecca Robinson Tim Abayomi-Cole Josh Greenlees Abby O’Connor Daniel Nettle |
author_sort |
Melissa Bateson |
title |
Watching eyes on potential litter can reduce littering: evidence from two field experiments |
title_short |
Watching eyes on potential litter can reduce littering: evidence from two field experiments |
title_full |
Watching eyes on potential litter can reduce littering: evidence from two field experiments |
title_fullStr |
Watching eyes on potential litter can reduce littering: evidence from two field experiments |
title_full_unstemmed |
Watching eyes on potential litter can reduce littering: evidence from two field experiments |
title_sort |
watching eyes on potential litter can reduce littering: evidence from two field experiments |
publisher |
PeerJ Inc. |
series |
PeerJ |
issn |
2167-8359 |
publishDate |
2015-12-01 |
description |
Littering constitutes a major societal problem, and any simple intervention that reduces its prevalence would be widely beneficial. In previous research, we have found that displaying images of watching eyes in the environment makes people less likely to litter. Here, we investigate whether the watching eyes images can be transferred onto the potential items of litter themselves. In two field experiments on a university campus, we created an opportunity to litter by attaching leaflets that either did or did not feature an image of watching eyes to parked bicycles. In both experiments, the watching eyes leaflets were substantially less likely to be littered than control leaflets (odds ratios 0.22–0.32). We also found that people were less likely to litter when there other people in the immediate vicinity than when there were not (odds ratios 0.04–0.25) and, in one experiment but not the other, that eye leaflets only reduced littering when there no other people in the immediate vicinity. We suggest that designing cues of observation into packaging could be a simple but fruitful strategy for reducing littering. |
topic |
Littering Antisocial behaviour Watching eyes Natural surveillance Interventions Cooperation |
url |
https://peerj.com/articles/1443.pdf |
work_keys_str_mv |
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