Watching eyes on potential litter can reduce littering: evidence from two field experiments

Littering constitutes a major societal problem, and any simple intervention that reduces its prevalence would be widely beneficial. In previous research, we have found that displaying images of watching eyes in the environment makes people less likely to litter. Here, we investigate whether the watc...

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Main Authors: Melissa Bateson, Rebecca Robinson, Tim Abayomi-Cole, Josh Greenlees, Abby O’Connor, Daniel Nettle
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: PeerJ Inc. 2015-12-01
Series:PeerJ
Subjects:
Online Access:https://peerj.com/articles/1443.pdf
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spelling doaj-cc5dc0fd0b62482e9834a9cfd85b1d352020-11-24T23:05:21ZengPeerJ Inc.PeerJ2167-83592015-12-013e144310.7717/peerj.1443Watching eyes on potential litter can reduce littering: evidence from two field experimentsMelissa Bateson0Rebecca Robinson1Tim Abayomi-Cole2Josh Greenlees3Abby O’Connor4Daniel Nettle5Centre for Behaviour and Evolution, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United KingdomSchool of Psychology, Newcastle University, Newcastle Tyne and Wear, United KingdomSchool of Psychology, Newcastle University, Newcastle Tyne and Wear, United KingdomSchool of Psychology, Newcastle University, Newcastle Tyne and Wear, United KingdomSchool of Psychology, Newcastle University, Newcastle Tyne and Wear, United KingdomCentre for Behaviour and Evolution, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United KingdomLittering constitutes a major societal problem, and any simple intervention that reduces its prevalence would be widely beneficial. In previous research, we have found that displaying images of watching eyes in the environment makes people less likely to litter. Here, we investigate whether the watching eyes images can be transferred onto the potential items of litter themselves. In two field experiments on a university campus, we created an opportunity to litter by attaching leaflets that either did or did not feature an image of watching eyes to parked bicycles. In both experiments, the watching eyes leaflets were substantially less likely to be littered than control leaflets (odds ratios 0.22–0.32). We also found that people were less likely to litter when there other people in the immediate vicinity than when there were not (odds ratios 0.04–0.25) and, in one experiment but not the other, that eye leaflets only reduced littering when there no other people in the immediate vicinity. We suggest that designing cues of observation into packaging could be a simple but fruitful strategy for reducing littering.https://peerj.com/articles/1443.pdfLitteringAntisocial behaviourWatching eyesNatural surveillanceInterventionsCooperation
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author Melissa Bateson
Rebecca Robinson
Tim Abayomi-Cole
Josh Greenlees
Abby O’Connor
Daniel Nettle
spellingShingle Melissa Bateson
Rebecca Robinson
Tim Abayomi-Cole
Josh Greenlees
Abby O’Connor
Daniel Nettle
Watching eyes on potential litter can reduce littering: evidence from two field experiments
PeerJ
Littering
Antisocial behaviour
Watching eyes
Natural surveillance
Interventions
Cooperation
author_facet Melissa Bateson
Rebecca Robinson
Tim Abayomi-Cole
Josh Greenlees
Abby O’Connor
Daniel Nettle
author_sort Melissa Bateson
title Watching eyes on potential litter can reduce littering: evidence from two field experiments
title_short Watching eyes on potential litter can reduce littering: evidence from two field experiments
title_full Watching eyes on potential litter can reduce littering: evidence from two field experiments
title_fullStr Watching eyes on potential litter can reduce littering: evidence from two field experiments
title_full_unstemmed Watching eyes on potential litter can reduce littering: evidence from two field experiments
title_sort watching eyes on potential litter can reduce littering: evidence from two field experiments
publisher PeerJ Inc.
series PeerJ
issn 2167-8359
publishDate 2015-12-01
description Littering constitutes a major societal problem, and any simple intervention that reduces its prevalence would be widely beneficial. In previous research, we have found that displaying images of watching eyes in the environment makes people less likely to litter. Here, we investigate whether the watching eyes images can be transferred onto the potential items of litter themselves. In two field experiments on a university campus, we created an opportunity to litter by attaching leaflets that either did or did not feature an image of watching eyes to parked bicycles. In both experiments, the watching eyes leaflets were substantially less likely to be littered than control leaflets (odds ratios 0.22–0.32). We also found that people were less likely to litter when there other people in the immediate vicinity than when there were not (odds ratios 0.04–0.25) and, in one experiment but not the other, that eye leaflets only reduced littering when there no other people in the immediate vicinity. We suggest that designing cues of observation into packaging could be a simple but fruitful strategy for reducing littering.
topic Littering
Antisocial behaviour
Watching eyes
Natural surveillance
Interventions
Cooperation
url https://peerj.com/articles/1443.pdf
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