Assessments of Facial Muscle Thickness by Ultrasound in Younger Adults: Absolute and Relative Reliability

The absolute reliability (i.e., standard error of measurement and minimal difference) of a measurement is important to consider when assessing training effects. However, the absolute reliability for ultrasound measured facial muscle thickness had not been investigated. In order to examine the absolu...

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Main Authors:	Takashi Abe, Robert W. Spitz, Vickie Wong, Ricardo B. Viana, Yujiro Yamada, Zachary W. Bell, Raksha N. Chatakondi, Jeremy P. Loenneke
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	MDPI AG 2019-11-01
Series:	Cosmetics
Subjects:	reproducibility facial muscle thickness ultrasonography
Online Access:	https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9284/6/4/65

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spelling	doaj-c9a06333985945428a8c45eaefe49eb82020-11-25T00:12:29ZengMDPI AGCosmetics2079-92842019-11-01646510.3390/cosmetics6040065cosmetics6040065Assessments of Facial Muscle Thickness by Ultrasound in Younger Adults: Absolute and Relative ReliabilityTakashi Abe0Robert W. Spitz1Vickie Wong2Ricardo B. Viana3Yujiro Yamada4Zachary W. Bell5Raksha N. Chatakondi6Jeremy P. Loenneke7Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USADepartment of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USADepartment of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USADepartment of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USADepartment of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USADepartment of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USADepartment of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USADepartment of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USAThe absolute reliability (i.e., standard error of measurement and minimal difference) of a measurement is important to consider when assessing training effects. However, the absolute reliability for ultrasound measured facial muscle thickness had not been investigated. In order to examine the absolute and relative reliability of measuring facial muscles, 98 healthy, young, and middle-aged adults (18–40 years) had ultrasound measurements taken twice, separated by an average of three days. Six facial muscles were selected to determine the reliability of facial muscle thickness. The relative reliability (ICC<sub>3,1</sub>) ranged from 0.425 for the orbicularis oris (inferior) to 0.943 for the frontalis muscle. The absolute reliability (minimal difference) ranged from 0.25 mm for the orbicularis oculi to 1.82 mm for the masseter. The percentage minimal difference was 22%, 25%, 26%, 29%, 21%, and 10% for the frontalis, orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris (superior), orbicularis oris (inferior), depressor anguli oris, and masseter, respectively. Our results indicated that the relative reliability was similar to that observed previously. The absolute reliability indicated that the measurement error associated with measuring muscle thickness of the face may be greater than that of the trunk/limb muscles. This may be related to the difficulty of accurately determining the borders of each muscle.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9284/6/4/65reproducibilityfacial muscle thicknessultrasonography
collection	DOAJ
language	English
format	Article
sources	DOAJ
author	Takashi Abe Robert W. Spitz Vickie Wong Ricardo B. Viana Yujiro Yamada Zachary W. Bell Raksha N. Chatakondi Jeremy P. Loenneke
spellingShingle	Takashi Abe Robert W. Spitz Vickie Wong Ricardo B. Viana Yujiro Yamada Zachary W. Bell Raksha N. Chatakondi Jeremy P. Loenneke Assessments of Facial Muscle Thickness by Ultrasound in Younger Adults: Absolute and Relative Reliability Cosmetics reproducibility facial muscle thickness ultrasonography
author_facet	Takashi Abe Robert W. Spitz Vickie Wong Ricardo B. Viana Yujiro Yamada Zachary W. Bell Raksha N. Chatakondi Jeremy P. Loenneke
author_sort	Takashi Abe
title	Assessments of Facial Muscle Thickness by Ultrasound in Younger Adults: Absolute and Relative Reliability
title_short	Assessments of Facial Muscle Thickness by Ultrasound in Younger Adults: Absolute and Relative Reliability
title_full	Assessments of Facial Muscle Thickness by Ultrasound in Younger Adults: Absolute and Relative Reliability
title_fullStr	Assessments of Facial Muscle Thickness by Ultrasound in Younger Adults: Absolute and Relative Reliability
title_full_unstemmed	Assessments of Facial Muscle Thickness by Ultrasound in Younger Adults: Absolute and Relative Reliability
title_sort	assessments of facial muscle thickness by ultrasound in younger adults: absolute and relative reliability
publisher	MDPI AG
series	Cosmetics
issn	2079-9284
publishDate	2019-11-01
description	The absolute reliability (i.e., standard error of measurement and minimal difference) of a measurement is important to consider when assessing training effects. However, the absolute reliability for ultrasound measured facial muscle thickness had not been investigated. In order to examine the absolute and relative reliability of measuring facial muscles, 98 healthy, young, and middle-aged adults (18–40 years) had ultrasound measurements taken twice, separated by an average of three days. Six facial muscles were selected to determine the reliability of facial muscle thickness. The relative reliability (ICC<sub>3,1</sub>) ranged from 0.425 for the orbicularis oris (inferior) to 0.943 for the frontalis muscle. The absolute reliability (minimal difference) ranged from 0.25 mm for the orbicularis oculi to 1.82 mm for the masseter. The percentage minimal difference was 22%, 25%, 26%, 29%, 21%, and 10% for the frontalis, orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris (superior), orbicularis oris (inferior), depressor anguli oris, and masseter, respectively. Our results indicated that the relative reliability was similar to that observed previously. The absolute reliability indicated that the measurement error associated with measuring muscle thickness of the face may be greater than that of the trunk/limb muscles. This may be related to the difficulty of accurately determining the borders of each muscle.
topic	reproducibility facial muscle thickness ultrasonography
url	https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9284/6/4/65
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Assessments of Facial Muscle Thickness by Ultrasound in Younger Adults: Absolute and Relative Reliability

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