The Promise and Challenges of Cyclic Dinucleotides as Molecular Adjuvants for Vaccine Development
Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs), originally discovered as bacterial second messengers, play critical roles in bacterial signal transduction, cellular processes, biofilm formation, and virulence. The finding that CDNs can trigger the innate immune response in eukaryotic cells through the stimulator of in...
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doaj-c985aebf189e41f8a139db36caf365df2021-08-26T14:25:58ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2021-08-01991791710.3390/vaccines9080917The Promise and Challenges of Cyclic Dinucleotides as Molecular Adjuvants for Vaccine DevelopmentHongbin Yan0Wangxue Chen1Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, CanadaHuman Health and Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, CanadaCyclic dinucleotides (CDNs), originally discovered as bacterial second messengers, play critical roles in bacterial signal transduction, cellular processes, biofilm formation, and virulence. The finding that CDNs can trigger the innate immune response in eukaryotic cells through the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signalling pathway has prompted the extensive research and development of CDNs as potential immunostimulators and novel molecular adjuvants for induction of systemic and mucosal innate and adaptive immune responses. In this review, we summarize the chemical structure, biosynthesis regulation, and the role of CDNs in enhancing the crosstalk between host innate and adaptive immune responses. We also discuss the strategies to improve the efficient delivery of CDNs and the recent advance and future challenges in the development of CDNs as potential adjuvants in prophylactic vaccines against infectious diseases and in therapeutic vaccines against cancers.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/9/8/917cyclic dinucleotidec-di-GMPbacterial second messengerimmunostimulationvaccine adjuvant |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Hongbin Yan Wangxue Chen |
spellingShingle |
Hongbin Yan Wangxue Chen The Promise and Challenges of Cyclic Dinucleotides as Molecular Adjuvants for Vaccine Development Vaccines cyclic dinucleotide c-di-GMP bacterial second messenger immunostimulation vaccine adjuvant |
author_facet |
Hongbin Yan Wangxue Chen |
author_sort |
Hongbin Yan |
title |
The Promise and Challenges of Cyclic Dinucleotides as Molecular Adjuvants for Vaccine Development |
title_short |
The Promise and Challenges of Cyclic Dinucleotides as Molecular Adjuvants for Vaccine Development |
title_full |
The Promise and Challenges of Cyclic Dinucleotides as Molecular Adjuvants for Vaccine Development |
title_fullStr |
The Promise and Challenges of Cyclic Dinucleotides as Molecular Adjuvants for Vaccine Development |
title_full_unstemmed |
The Promise and Challenges of Cyclic Dinucleotides as Molecular Adjuvants for Vaccine Development |
title_sort |
promise and challenges of cyclic dinucleotides as molecular adjuvants for vaccine development |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Vaccines |
issn |
2076-393X |
publishDate |
2021-08-01 |
description |
Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs), originally discovered as bacterial second messengers, play critical roles in bacterial signal transduction, cellular processes, biofilm formation, and virulence. The finding that CDNs can trigger the innate immune response in eukaryotic cells through the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signalling pathway has prompted the extensive research and development of CDNs as potential immunostimulators and novel molecular adjuvants for induction of systemic and mucosal innate and adaptive immune responses. In this review, we summarize the chemical structure, biosynthesis regulation, and the role of CDNs in enhancing the crosstalk between host innate and adaptive immune responses. We also discuss the strategies to improve the efficient delivery of CDNs and the recent advance and future challenges in the development of CDNs as potential adjuvants in prophylactic vaccines against infectious diseases and in therapeutic vaccines against cancers. |
topic |
cyclic dinucleotide c-di-GMP bacterial second messenger immunostimulation vaccine adjuvant |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/9/8/917 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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