The Promise and Challenges of Cyclic Dinucleotides as Molecular Adjuvants for Vaccine Development

Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs), originally discovered as bacterial second messengers, play critical roles in bacterial signal transduction, cellular processes, biofilm formation, and virulence. The finding that CDNs can trigger the innate immune response in eukaryotic cells through the stimulator of in...

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Main Authors: Hongbin Yan, Wangxue Chen
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2021-08-01
Series:Vaccines
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/9/8/917
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spelling doaj-c985aebf189e41f8a139db36caf365df2021-08-26T14:25:58ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2021-08-01991791710.3390/vaccines9080917The Promise and Challenges of Cyclic Dinucleotides as Molecular Adjuvants for Vaccine DevelopmentHongbin Yan0Wangxue Chen1Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, CanadaHuman Health and Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, CanadaCyclic dinucleotides (CDNs), originally discovered as bacterial second messengers, play critical roles in bacterial signal transduction, cellular processes, biofilm formation, and virulence. The finding that CDNs can trigger the innate immune response in eukaryotic cells through the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signalling pathway has prompted the extensive research and development of CDNs as potential immunostimulators and novel molecular adjuvants for induction of systemic and mucosal innate and adaptive immune responses. In this review, we summarize the chemical structure, biosynthesis regulation, and the role of CDNs in enhancing the crosstalk between host innate and adaptive immune responses. We also discuss the strategies to improve the efficient delivery of CDNs and the recent advance and future challenges in the development of CDNs as potential adjuvants in prophylactic vaccines against infectious diseases and in therapeutic vaccines against cancers.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/9/8/917cyclic dinucleotidec-di-GMPbacterial second messengerimmunostimulationvaccine adjuvant
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author Hongbin Yan
Wangxue Chen
spellingShingle Hongbin Yan
Wangxue Chen
The Promise and Challenges of Cyclic Dinucleotides as Molecular Adjuvants for Vaccine Development
Vaccines
cyclic dinucleotide
c-di-GMP
bacterial second messenger
immunostimulation
vaccine adjuvant
author_facet Hongbin Yan
Wangxue Chen
author_sort Hongbin Yan
title The Promise and Challenges of Cyclic Dinucleotides as Molecular Adjuvants for Vaccine Development
title_short The Promise and Challenges of Cyclic Dinucleotides as Molecular Adjuvants for Vaccine Development
title_full The Promise and Challenges of Cyclic Dinucleotides as Molecular Adjuvants for Vaccine Development
title_fullStr The Promise and Challenges of Cyclic Dinucleotides as Molecular Adjuvants for Vaccine Development
title_full_unstemmed The Promise and Challenges of Cyclic Dinucleotides as Molecular Adjuvants for Vaccine Development
title_sort promise and challenges of cyclic dinucleotides as molecular adjuvants for vaccine development
publisher MDPI AG
series Vaccines
issn 2076-393X
publishDate 2021-08-01
description Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs), originally discovered as bacterial second messengers, play critical roles in bacterial signal transduction, cellular processes, biofilm formation, and virulence. The finding that CDNs can trigger the innate immune response in eukaryotic cells through the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signalling pathway has prompted the extensive research and development of CDNs as potential immunostimulators and novel molecular adjuvants for induction of systemic and mucosal innate and adaptive immune responses. In this review, we summarize the chemical structure, biosynthesis regulation, and the role of CDNs in enhancing the crosstalk between host innate and adaptive immune responses. We also discuss the strategies to improve the efficient delivery of CDNs and the recent advance and future challenges in the development of CDNs as potential adjuvants in prophylactic vaccines against infectious diseases and in therapeutic vaccines against cancers.
topic cyclic dinucleotide
c-di-GMP
bacterial second messenger
immunostimulation
vaccine adjuvant
url https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/9/8/917
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