The Emergence of the Bilateral Symmetry in Animals: A Review and a New Hypothesis
Most biological organisms exhibit different kinds of symmetry; an Animal (Metazoa), which is our Darwinist ancestor, has bilateral symmetry, and many plants exhibit rotational symmetry. It raises some questions: I. How can the evolution from an undifferentiated cell without bilateral symmetry to a c...
Main Author: | |
---|---|
Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-02-01
|
Series: | Symmetry |
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/2/261 |
id |
doaj-c705f16ac3624392bccf99dd71bdd284 |
---|---|
record_format |
Article |
spelling |
doaj-c705f16ac3624392bccf99dd71bdd2842021-02-05T00:02:43ZengMDPI AGSymmetry2073-89942021-02-011326126110.3390/sym13020261The Emergence of the Bilateral Symmetry in Animals: A Review and a New HypothesisSøren Toxvaerd0DNRF Centre “Glass and Time”, IMFUFA, Department of Sciences, Roskilde University, Postbox 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, DenmarkMost biological organisms exhibit different kinds of symmetry; an Animal (Metazoa), which is our Darwinist ancestor, has bilateral symmetry, and many plants exhibit rotational symmetry. It raises some questions: I. How can the evolution from an undifferentiated cell without bilateral symmetry to a complex biological organism with symmetry, which is based on asymmetric DNA and enzymes, lead to the bilateral symmetry? II. Is this evolution to an organism with bilateral symmetry obtained by other factors than DNA and enzymatic reactions? The existing literature about the evolution of the bilateral symmetry has been reviewed, and a new hypothesis has been formulated based on these reviews. The hypothesis is that the morphogenesis of biosystems is connected with the metabolism and that the oscillating kinetics in the Glycolysis have played a role in the polarity of the biological cells and in the establishment of the bilateral symmetry in Animals.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/2/261bilateral symmetry in Animalsmorphogen with Turing patternsglycolysis in Animalsmetamophosis in cell polarity |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Søren Toxvaerd |
spellingShingle |
Søren Toxvaerd The Emergence of the Bilateral Symmetry in Animals: A Review and a New Hypothesis Symmetry bilateral symmetry in Animals morphogen with Turing patterns glycolysis in Animals metamophosis in cell polarity |
author_facet |
Søren Toxvaerd |
author_sort |
Søren Toxvaerd |
title |
The Emergence of the Bilateral Symmetry in Animals: A Review and a New Hypothesis |
title_short |
The Emergence of the Bilateral Symmetry in Animals: A Review and a New Hypothesis |
title_full |
The Emergence of the Bilateral Symmetry in Animals: A Review and a New Hypothesis |
title_fullStr |
The Emergence of the Bilateral Symmetry in Animals: A Review and a New Hypothesis |
title_full_unstemmed |
The Emergence of the Bilateral Symmetry in Animals: A Review and a New Hypothesis |
title_sort |
emergence of the bilateral symmetry in animals: a review and a new hypothesis |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Symmetry |
issn |
2073-8994 |
publishDate |
2021-02-01 |
description |
Most biological organisms exhibit different kinds of symmetry; an Animal (Metazoa), which is our Darwinist ancestor, has bilateral symmetry, and many plants exhibit rotational symmetry. It raises some questions: I. How can the evolution from an undifferentiated cell without bilateral symmetry to a complex biological organism with symmetry, which is based on asymmetric DNA and enzymes, lead to the bilateral symmetry? II. Is this evolution to an organism with bilateral symmetry obtained by other factors than DNA and enzymatic reactions? The existing literature about the evolution of the bilateral symmetry has been reviewed, and a new hypothesis has been formulated based on these reviews. The hypothesis is that the morphogenesis of biosystems is connected with the metabolism and that the oscillating kinetics in the Glycolysis have played a role in the polarity of the biological cells and in the establishment of the bilateral symmetry in Animals. |
topic |
bilateral symmetry in Animals morphogen with Turing patterns glycolysis in Animals metamophosis in cell polarity |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/2/261 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT sørentoxvaerd theemergenceofthebilateralsymmetryinanimalsareviewandanewhypothesis AT sørentoxvaerd emergenceofthebilateralsymmetryinanimalsareviewandanewhypothesis |
_version_ |
1724284594889424896 |