The Emergence of the Bilateral Symmetry in Animals: A Review and a New Hypothesis

Most biological organisms exhibit different kinds of symmetry; an Animal (Metazoa), which is our Darwinist ancestor, has bilateral symmetry, and many plants exhibit rotational symmetry. It raises some questions: I. How can the evolution from an undifferentiated cell without bilateral symmetry to a c...

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Main Author: Søren Toxvaerd
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2021-02-01
Series:Symmetry
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/2/261
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spelling doaj-c705f16ac3624392bccf99dd71bdd2842021-02-05T00:02:43ZengMDPI AGSymmetry2073-89942021-02-011326126110.3390/sym13020261The Emergence of the Bilateral Symmetry in Animals: A Review and a New HypothesisSøren Toxvaerd0DNRF Centre “Glass and Time”, IMFUFA, Department of Sciences, Roskilde University, Postbox 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, DenmarkMost biological organisms exhibit different kinds of symmetry; an Animal (Metazoa), which is our Darwinist ancestor, has bilateral symmetry, and many plants exhibit rotational symmetry. It raises some questions: I. How can the evolution from an undifferentiated cell without bilateral symmetry to a complex biological organism with symmetry, which is based on asymmetric DNA and enzymes, lead to the bilateral symmetry? II. Is this evolution to an organism with bilateral symmetry obtained by other factors than DNA and enzymatic reactions? The existing literature about the evolution of the bilateral symmetry has been reviewed, and a new hypothesis has been formulated based on these reviews. The hypothesis is that the morphogenesis of biosystems is connected with the metabolism and that the oscillating kinetics in the Glycolysis have played a role in the polarity of the biological cells and in the establishment of the bilateral symmetry in Animals.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/2/261bilateral symmetry in Animalsmorphogen with Turing patternsglycolysis in Animalsmetamophosis in cell polarity
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author Søren Toxvaerd
spellingShingle Søren Toxvaerd
The Emergence of the Bilateral Symmetry in Animals: A Review and a New Hypothesis
Symmetry
bilateral symmetry in Animals
morphogen with Turing patterns
glycolysis in Animals
metamophosis in cell polarity
author_facet Søren Toxvaerd
author_sort Søren Toxvaerd
title The Emergence of the Bilateral Symmetry in Animals: A Review and a New Hypothesis
title_short The Emergence of the Bilateral Symmetry in Animals: A Review and a New Hypothesis
title_full The Emergence of the Bilateral Symmetry in Animals: A Review and a New Hypothesis
title_fullStr The Emergence of the Bilateral Symmetry in Animals: A Review and a New Hypothesis
title_full_unstemmed The Emergence of the Bilateral Symmetry in Animals: A Review and a New Hypothesis
title_sort emergence of the bilateral symmetry in animals: a review and a new hypothesis
publisher MDPI AG
series Symmetry
issn 2073-8994
publishDate 2021-02-01
description Most biological organisms exhibit different kinds of symmetry; an Animal (Metazoa), which is our Darwinist ancestor, has bilateral symmetry, and many plants exhibit rotational symmetry. It raises some questions: I. How can the evolution from an undifferentiated cell without bilateral symmetry to a complex biological organism with symmetry, which is based on asymmetric DNA and enzymes, lead to the bilateral symmetry? II. Is this evolution to an organism with bilateral symmetry obtained by other factors than DNA and enzymatic reactions? The existing literature about the evolution of the bilateral symmetry has been reviewed, and a new hypothesis has been formulated based on these reviews. The hypothesis is that the morphogenesis of biosystems is connected with the metabolism and that the oscillating kinetics in the Glycolysis have played a role in the polarity of the biological cells and in the establishment of the bilateral symmetry in Animals.
topic bilateral symmetry in Animals
morphogen with Turing patterns
glycolysis in Animals
metamophosis in cell polarity
url https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/2/261
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