Cellular adaptive immune response against porcine circovirus type 2 in subclinically infected pigs

• Main Authors: Gerber Heidi, Balmelli Carole, Steiner Esther, Summerfield Artur, McCullough Kenneth
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: BMC 2009-12-01
• Series: BMC Veterinary Research
• Online Access: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1746-6148/5/45

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a dominant causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), a multifactorial disease complex with putative immunosuppressive characteristics. Little is known about adaptive PCV2-specific immune responses in infected pigs. Therefore, the T and B cell responses following PCV2 infection in 3-week old SPF piglets infected with PCV2 or PCV2 plus porcine parvovirus (PPV) were studied.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>All animals were asymptomatically infected. At 7 days post infection (d p.i.), B lymphocyte and T lymphocyte numbers decreased in the dual infected, but not in the single infected piglets. At this time point a transient PCV2 viraemia was noted in the PCV2 infected groups. Antibodies against the infecting virus were detectable at day 24-28 p.i. for anti-PCV2 antibodies and at day 10 p.i. for anti-PPV antibodies, with no apparent influence of PCV2 on the early PPV antibody development. In the animals infected with PPV alone, IFN-γ secreting cells (SC) that were not specific for PCV2 were detected by ELISPOT assay at day 7 p.i. Interestingly, this response was absent in the PCV2/PPV dual infected animals. PCV2-specific IFN-γ SC were observed in the PCV2/PPV infected group at 7 d p.i. and in the PCV2 single infected group at 21 d p.i. A reduction in the numbers of IFN-γ SC was observed following anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 antibody treatment, suggesting roles for both CD4⁺and CD8⁺T cells in the response against PCV2 infection. This was supported by an observed increase in the percentage of IFN-γ positive CD8^hicytotoxic T cells as well as IFN-γ positive CD8^-/lowhelper T cells after PCV2 <it>in vitro </it>re-stimulation.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Infection of weaned SPF piglets with PCV2 alone or combined with PPV does not induce disease and in both cases a relatively slow anti-PCV2 antibody response and weak T lymphocyte responses were found. Knowledge on such immunological characteristics is important for both PCV2 pathogenesis and vaccination.</p>