Convergence Insufficiency/Divergence Insufficiency Convergence Excess/Divergence Excess: Some Facts and Fictions

Convergence Insufficiency/Divergence Insufficiency Convergence Excess/Divergence Excess: Some Facts and Fictions

Great discrepancies are often encountered between the distance fixation and the near-fixation esodeviations and exodeviations. They are all attributed to either anomalies of the AC/A ratio or anomalies of the fusional convergence or divergence amplitudes. We report a case with pseudoconvergence insu...

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Main Authors: Edward Khawam, Bachir Abiad, Alaa Boughannam, Joanna Saade, Ramzi Alameddine
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Hindawi Limited 2015-01-01
Series:Case Reports in Ophthalmological Medicine
Online Access:http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/680474
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spelling doaj-c4039c71f3074833b63ab2119d45df1b2020-11-24T22:28:51ZengHindawi LimitedCase Reports in Ophthalmological Medicine2090-67222090-67302015-01-01201510.1155/2015/680474680474Convergence Insufficiency/Divergence Insufficiency Convergence Excess/Divergence Excess: Some Facts and FictionsEdward Khawam0Bachir Abiad1Alaa Boughannam2Joanna Saade3Ramzi Alameddine4Department of Ophthalmology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, P.O. Box 113-6044, Beirut, LebanonDepartment of Ophthalmology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, P.O. Box 113-6044, Beirut, LebanonDepartment of Ophthalmology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, P.O. Box 113-6044, Beirut, LebanonDepartment of Ophthalmology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, P.O. Box 113-6044, Beirut, LebanonDepartment of Ophthalmology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, P.O. Box 113-6044, Beirut, LebanonGreat discrepancies are often encountered between the distance fixation and the near-fixation esodeviations and exodeviations. They are all attributed to either anomalies of the AC/A ratio or anomalies of the fusional convergence or divergence amplitudes. We report a case with pseudoconvergence insufficiency and another one with pseudoaccommodative convergence excess. In both cases, conv./div. excess and insufficiency were erroneously attributed to anomalies of the AC/A ratio or to anomalies of the fusional amplitudes. Our purpose is to show that numerous factors, other than anomalies in the AC/A ratio or anomalies in the fusional conv. or divergence amplitudes, can contaminate either the distance or the near deviations. This results in significant discrepancies between the distance and the near deviations despite a normal AC/A ratio and normal fusional amplitudes, leading to erroneous diagnoses and inappropriate treatment models.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/680474
collection DOAJ
language English
format Article
sources DOAJ
author Edward Khawam
Bachir Abiad
Alaa Boughannam
Joanna Saade
Ramzi Alameddine
spellingShingle Edward Khawam
Bachir Abiad
Alaa Boughannam
Joanna Saade
Ramzi Alameddine
Convergence Insufficiency/Divergence Insufficiency Convergence Excess/Divergence Excess: Some Facts and Fictions
Case Reports in Ophthalmological Medicine
author_facet Edward Khawam
Bachir Abiad
Alaa Boughannam
Joanna Saade
Ramzi Alameddine
author_sort Edward Khawam
title Convergence Insufficiency/Divergence Insufficiency Convergence Excess/Divergence Excess: Some Facts and Fictions
title_short Convergence Insufficiency/Divergence Insufficiency Convergence Excess/Divergence Excess: Some Facts and Fictions
title_full Convergence Insufficiency/Divergence Insufficiency Convergence Excess/Divergence Excess: Some Facts and Fictions
title_fullStr Convergence Insufficiency/Divergence Insufficiency Convergence Excess/Divergence Excess: Some Facts and Fictions
title_full_unstemmed Convergence Insufficiency/Divergence Insufficiency Convergence Excess/Divergence Excess: Some Facts and Fictions
title_sort convergence insufficiency/divergence insufficiency convergence excess/divergence excess: some facts and fictions
publisher Hindawi Limited
series Case Reports in Ophthalmological Medicine
issn 2090-6722
2090-6730
publishDate 2015-01-01
description Great discrepancies are often encountered between the distance fixation and the near-fixation esodeviations and exodeviations. They are all attributed to either anomalies of the AC/A ratio or anomalies of the fusional convergence or divergence amplitudes. We report a case with pseudoconvergence insufficiency and another one with pseudoaccommodative convergence excess. In both cases, conv./div. excess and insufficiency were erroneously attributed to anomalies of the AC/A ratio or to anomalies of the fusional amplitudes. Our purpose is to show that numerous factors, other than anomalies in the AC/A ratio or anomalies in the fusional conv. or divergence amplitudes, can contaminate either the distance or the near deviations. This results in significant discrepancies between the distance and the near deviations despite a normal AC/A ratio and normal fusional amplitudes, leading to erroneous diagnoses and inappropriate treatment models.
url http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/680474
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AT alaaboughannam convergenceinsufficiencydivergenceinsufficiencyconvergenceexcessdivergenceexcesssomefactsandfictions
AT joannasaade convergenceinsufficiencydivergenceinsufficiencyconvergenceexcessdivergenceexcesssomefactsandfictions
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