| Summary: | Abstract A hallmark of endometriosis – a chronic debilitating condition whose causes are poorly understood – is neuronal innervation of lesions. Recent evidence demonstrates that the peripheral nervous system plays an important role in the pathophysiology of this disease. Sensory nerves, which surround and innervate endometriotic lesions, not only drive the chronic and debilitating pain associated with endometriosis but also contribute to a pro‐growth phenotype by secreting neurotrophic factors and interacting with surrounding immune cells. The diverse array of contributions that neurons play in endometriosis indicate that it should be considered as a nerve‐centric disease. This review is focused on the emerging field of exoneural biology and how it applies to the field of endometriosis, in particular the role that peripheral nerves play in driving and maintaining endometriotic lesions. A better understanding of the mechanisms of neuronal contribution to endometriosis, as well as their interactions with accompanying stromal and immune cells, will unearth novel disease‐relevant pathways and targets, providing additional, more selective therapeutic horizons.
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