| Summary: | Researchers and engineers using metallic iron (Fe<sup>0</sup>) for water treatment need a tutorial review on the operating mode of the Fe<sup>0</sup>/H<sub>2</sub>O system. There are few review articles attempting to present systematic information to guide proper material selection and application conditions. However, they are full of conflicting reports. This review seeks to: (i) Summarize the state-of-the-art knowledge on the remediation Fe<sup>0</sup>/H<sub>2</sub>O system, (ii) discuss relevant contaminant removal mechanisms, and (iii) provide solutions for practical engineering application of Fe<sup>0</sup>-based systems for water treatment. Specifically, the following aspects are summarized and discussed in detail: (i) Fe<sup>0</sup> intrinsic reactivity and material selection, (ii) main abiotic contaminant removal mechanisms, and (iii) relevance of biological and bio-chemical processes in the Fe<sup>0</sup>/H<sub>2</sub>O system. In addition, challenges for the design of the next generation Fe<sup>0</sup>/H<sub>2</sub>O systems are discussed. This paper serves as a handout to enable better practical engineering applications for environmental remediation using Fe<sup>0</sup>.
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