In Situ Imaging during Compression of Plastic Bonded Explosives for Damage Modeling

The microstructure of plastic bonded explosives (PBXs) is known to influence behavior during mechanical deformation, but characterizing the microstructure can be challenging. For example, the explosive crystals and binder in formulations such as PBX 9501 do not have sufficient X-ray contrast to obta...

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Main Authors:	Virginia W. Manner, John D. Yeager, Brian M. Patterson, David J. Walters, Jamie A. Stull, Nikolaus L. Cordes, Darby J. Luscher, Kevin C. Henderson, Andrew M. Schmalzer, Bryce C. Tappan
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	MDPI AG 2017-06-01
Series:	Materials
Subjects:	X-ray computed tomography mesoscale modelling explosives polymer-matrix composites
Online Access:	http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/10/6/638

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spelling	doaj-c110996c0db24dc7be6dbdeaaf52efea2020-11-25T00:20:19ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442017-06-0110663810.3390/ma10060638ma10060638In Situ Imaging during Compression of Plastic Bonded Explosives for Damage ModelingVirginia W. Manner0John D. Yeager1Brian M. Patterson2David J. Walters3Jamie A. Stull4Nikolaus L. Cordes5Darby J. Luscher6Kevin C. Henderson7Andrew M. Schmalzer8Bryce C. Tappan9Explosive Science and Shock Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USAExplosive Science and Shock Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USAMaterials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USATheoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USAExplosive Science and Shock Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USAMaterials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USATheoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USAMaterials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USAExplosive Science and Shock Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USAExplosive Science and Shock Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USAThe microstructure of plastic bonded explosives (PBXs) is known to influence behavior during mechanical deformation, but characterizing the microstructure can be challenging. For example, the explosive crystals and binder in formulations such as PBX 9501 do not have sufficient X-ray contrast to obtain three-dimensional data by in situ, absorption contrast imaging. To address this difficulty, we have formulated a series of PBXs using octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) crystals and low-density binder systems. The binders were hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) or glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) cured with a commercial blend of acrylic monomers/oligomers. The binder density is approximately half of the HMX, allowing for excellent contrast using in situ X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging. The samples were imaged during unaxial compression using micro-scale CT in an interrupted in situ modality. The rigidity of the binder was observed to significantly influence fracture, crystal-binder delamination, and flow. Additionally, 2D slices from the segmented 3D images were meshed for finite element simulation of the mesoscale response. At low stiffness, the binder and crystal do not delaminate and the crystals move with the material flow; at high stiffness, marked delamination is noted between the crystals and the binder, leading to very different mechanical properties. Initial model results exhibit qualitatively similar delamination.http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/10/6/638X-ray computed tomographymesoscale modellingexplosivespolymer-matrix composites
collection	DOAJ
language	English
format	Article
sources	DOAJ
author	Virginia W. Manner John D. Yeager Brian M. Patterson David J. Walters Jamie A. Stull Nikolaus L. Cordes Darby J. Luscher Kevin C. Henderson Andrew M. Schmalzer Bryce C. Tappan
spellingShingle	Virginia W. Manner John D. Yeager Brian M. Patterson David J. Walters Jamie A. Stull Nikolaus L. Cordes Darby J. Luscher Kevin C. Henderson Andrew M. Schmalzer Bryce C. Tappan In Situ Imaging during Compression of Plastic Bonded Explosives for Damage Modeling Materials X-ray computed tomography mesoscale modelling explosives polymer-matrix composites
author_facet	Virginia W. Manner John D. Yeager Brian M. Patterson David J. Walters Jamie A. Stull Nikolaus L. Cordes Darby J. Luscher Kevin C. Henderson Andrew M. Schmalzer Bryce C. Tappan
author_sort	Virginia W. Manner
title	In Situ Imaging during Compression of Plastic Bonded Explosives for Damage Modeling
title_short	In Situ Imaging during Compression of Plastic Bonded Explosives for Damage Modeling
title_full	In Situ Imaging during Compression of Plastic Bonded Explosives for Damage Modeling
title_fullStr	In Situ Imaging during Compression of Plastic Bonded Explosives for Damage Modeling
title_full_unstemmed	In Situ Imaging during Compression of Plastic Bonded Explosives for Damage Modeling
title_sort	in situ imaging during compression of plastic bonded explosives for damage modeling
publisher	MDPI AG
series	Materials
issn	1996-1944
publishDate	2017-06-01
description	The microstructure of plastic bonded explosives (PBXs) is known to influence behavior during mechanical deformation, but characterizing the microstructure can be challenging. For example, the explosive crystals and binder in formulations such as PBX 9501 do not have sufficient X-ray contrast to obtain three-dimensional data by in situ, absorption contrast imaging. To address this difficulty, we have formulated a series of PBXs using octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) crystals and low-density binder systems. The binders were hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) or glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) cured with a commercial blend of acrylic monomers/oligomers. The binder density is approximately half of the HMX, allowing for excellent contrast using in situ X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging. The samples were imaged during unaxial compression using micro-scale CT in an interrupted in situ modality. The rigidity of the binder was observed to significantly influence fracture, crystal-binder delamination, and flow. Additionally, 2D slices from the segmented 3D images were meshed for finite element simulation of the mesoscale response. At low stiffness, the binder and crystal do not delaminate and the crystals move with the material flow; at high stiffness, marked delamination is noted between the crystals and the binder, leading to very different mechanical properties. Initial model results exhibit qualitatively similar delamination.
topic	X-ray computed tomography mesoscale modelling explosives polymer-matrix composites
url	http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/10/6/638
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In Situ Imaging during Compression of Plastic Bonded Explosives for Damage Modeling

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